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Pulse rhythm

Pulse rhythm

Pulse rhythm refers to the pattern of pulsations within specific intervals, offering valuable insights into the regularity or irregularity of the heart's beats as observed through the pattern of pulsation within specific intervals. A regular pulse exhibits a consistent heart rate with uniform waveforms and pulsation force, variations of which can be classified as normal, weak, or bounding.
Conversely, an irregular pulse pattern is termed dysrhythmia, stemming from disruptions in cardiac muscle...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 4, 2026

Bidirectional Electrical and Optoelectronic Interfaces in Healthy and Ischemic Ex Vivo Rat Hearts

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A wearable non-invasive sonogenetic pacemaker.

Chen Gong¹, Gengxi Lu², Baoqiang Liu¹

¹Alfred E. Mann Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.

Nature Biomedical Engineering

|June 2, 2026

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

A new wearable non-invasive ultrasound pacemaker (NUP) safely paces the heart with precise control. This ultrasound technology offers a promising, less invasive alternative for cardiac rhythm management.

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Area of Science:

Biomedical Engineering
Cardiovascular Research
Sonogenetics

Background:

Traditional cardiac pacemakers are invasive, posing risks and complications.
A need exists for safer, non-invasive cardiac pacing solutions.
Sonogenetics offers a novel approach to remotely control cellular activity.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop and evaluate a wearable non-invasive ultrasound pacemaker (NUP).
To assess the NUP's ability to achieve precise, spatiotemporally controlled cardiac pacing.
To validate the safety and translational potential of the NUP technology.

Main Methods:

Engineered sonogenetic ion channels (MscL-G22S) were used to modulate cardiomyocytes.
In vitro studies on human cardiomyocytes assessed responses to ultrasound stimulation.
In vivo experiments in rats evaluated pacing precision, frequency control, and long-term safety; ex vivo porcine models assessed human-scale feasibility.

Main Results:

In vitro studies showed synchronized calcium signaling and controlled responses in cardiomyocytes.
In vivo studies demonstrated non-invasive cardiac pacing with sub-millimeter spatial precision and frequency control up to 9 Hz in rats.
The NUP successfully restored sinus rhythm in arrhythmic models and showed long-term safety over 8 months.

Conclusions:

The wearable non-invasive ultrasound pacemaker (NUP) provides a safe and effective method for cardiac pacing.
NUP technology demonstrates high spatial and frequency control, restoring normal heart rhythm.
The NUP presents a promising, adaptable, and less invasive solution for cardiac rhythm management.