Quantitative study on the discriminative value of fingerprint minutiae

Traditional fingerprint identification primarily relies on the number of matching minutiae between the questioned and reference prints, where identity is determined by whether the match count exceeds a fixed threshold. However, this "minimum matching pair threshold method" lacks statistical validation. This study establishes a large-scale fingerprint data analysis framework based on artificial intelligence and machine learning to quantify the discriminative value of fingerprint minutiae. A YOLOv12 hybrid model is designed for high-precision minutiae detection. Using 619,338 fingerprints from four pattern classes, the occurrence frequencies of six types of minutiae are statistically analyzed, providing the foundation for quantitative modeling. A minutiae matching method is further proposed to perform large-scale matching according to specified minutia types and quantities. The approach integrates three modules: positional matching, local ridge-flow similarity comparison, and image similarity evaluation. 772 million pairs of non-mated fingerprints are analyzed to empirically refine traditional identification methods and quantify feature-level discriminative value. Results indicate that fingerprint matching stability depends not only on minutiae count but also on fingerprint pattern and minutia types. Building upon Shannon's information theory, a quantitative model for evaluating minutiae discriminative value is established based on feature frequency and matching performance. After residual correction, the model achieves a coefficient of determination (R²) of 0.958, demonstrating high explanatory power and robustness.