Two Decades of Primary Care Funding in Australia: A Descriptive Time-Series and Distributional Analysis

To examine two decades of Australian expenditure trends across components of primary health and to assess whether recent expenditure changes have been equitably distributed.

Descriptive modelling using standardised framework for classifying primary care expenditure.

Australian public and private health expenditure data (2002-03 to 2022-23) were disaggregated into: broad primary health care services (Tier A); direct primary care, predominantly funding general practice (Tier B); and funding for enhanced primary care for people with greater needs (Tier C). Distributional analysis was conducted across geographies.

No individual participants; analysis used aggregated health expenditure data across 327 Statistical Area Level 3 geographies.

Proportions of total and public expenditure allocated to each tier; equity in public Tier B and Tier C spending across areas, assessed using standardised slope indices.

The share of total health spending allocated to primary care declined over the period. Tier A spending declined from 36.3% to 33.0% of total health spending; Tier B fell more sharply from 8.0% to 5.5%; and Tier C remained flat at 0.7%. Public spending trends were similar, but declines were more muted, with Tier C unchanged at 1.0%. Public spending on Tier B was 13% higher in the most disadvantaged areas than in the most advantaged areas in 2013-14; by 2023-24, this declined to 7%. Public Tier C spending remained progressive at 35% higher in the most disadvantaged areas, but decreased from 51% over the decade. Exploratory multivariate analyses suggested that Tier C spending was more redistributive than Tier B after accounting for need.

Data indicate that primary care has declined as a funding priority in relative terms in Australia, and investment in high-value care has remained stagnant and appears increasingly less redistributive. These patterns may have implications for health equity.