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Related Concept Videos

Assessment of the Rectum and Anus01:25

Assessment of the Rectum and Anus

Evaluating the rectum and anus plays a crucial role in conducting a thorough physical examination of the gastrointestinal system. Although it may be uncomfortable and often embarrassing for the patient, it holds immense diagnostic value, particularly in detecting gastrointestinal diseases and abnormalities. This guide will explain how to perform this assessment using inspection and palpation methods.
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Understanding the physiological differences in the pediatric population is crucial for effective pharmacotherapy. Neonates, infants, and children exhibit significant variations in gastric pH, gastric emptying time, intestinal transit time, and biliary function. These variations profoundly affect oral drug absorption, necessitating a nuanced approach to pediatric dosing.Neonates present with a unique physiological profile, having a gastric pH greater than 4 and faster and more irregular gastric...
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In pediatric medicine, understanding the renal function and drug elimination nuances is crucial for administering safe and effective treatments. Newborns, in particular, display markedly slower renal functions than adults, profoundly affecting how drugs are cleared from their bodies. This slower drug clearance requires clinicians to extend the dosing intervals for many medications to prevent drug accumulation and toxicity while ensuring therapeutic efficacy.One key area where these adjustments...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 4, 2026

Quantification of Levator Ani Hiatus Enlargement by Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Males and Females with Pelvic Organ Prolapse
07:41

Quantification of Levator Ani Hiatus Enlargement by Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Males and Females with Pelvic Organ Prolapse

Published on: April 17, 2019

Pediatric High-Resolution Anorectal Manometry: Reference Ranges in 998 Children With Defecatory Disorders.

Shikib Mostamand1,2, Quratulain Merchant3, Yinyao Ji4

  • 1Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Stanford University School of Medicine and Stanford Children's Health, Palo Alto, California, USA.

Neurogastroenterology and Motility
|June 3, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Pediatric anorectal manometry (ARM) shows anal sphincter resting pressure (ASRP) is similar across ages and comparable to adult norms. This study provides crucial pediatric data for diagnosing defecatory disorders.

Keywords:
anal sphincter resting pressureanorectal malformationsanorectal manometryfecal incontinencemotilitypediatric

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Published on: April 26, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Gastroenterology
  • Gastrointestinal Motility
  • Urodynamics

Background:

  • Anorectal manometry (ARM) is a key diagnostic tool for pediatric defecatory disorders.
  • Current pediatric ARM assessments rely on extrapolated adult data due to limited pediatric-specific studies.
  • This study presents single-center findings from a large pediatric cohort.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To establish normative data for pediatric anorectal manometry (ARM) in children with defecatory disorders.
  • To identify age and gender-related differences in ARM measurements in pediatric patients.
  • To compare pediatric ARM data with existing adult normative values.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective analysis of 998 anorectal manometry (ARM) studies conducted between 2012 and 2019.
  • Patients were stratified by gender and age, with a separate analysis for 54 patients with anorectal malformations.
  • High-resolution solid-state manometry catheters were used for all studies.

Main Results:

  • The mean anal sphincter resting pressure (ASRP) in 944 patients without anorectal malformations was 75.6 ± 21.3 mmHg.
  • A statistically significant difference in ASRP was observed between males (74.0 ± 20.9 mmHg) and females (77.6 ± 21.3 mmHg) (p=0.007).
  • ASRP did not significantly correlate with age, and mean ASRP in patients with anorectal malformations was 45.3 ± 19.2 mmHg.

Conclusions:

  • Mean ASRP in pediatric patients with defecatory disorders is consistent across all age groups from newborns to adolescents.
  • Pediatric ASRP values are comparable to established adult normative data.
  • Further research is needed to define pediatric normative values for rectoanal inhibitory reflex (RAIR) parameters like latency, recovery, and duration.