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Risk factors associated with growth pain disorder in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Ting Luo1,2, Yutong Huang3, Yixin Guo1,2

  • 1Department of Pharmacy/Evidence-Based Pharmacy Center, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.

Frontiers in Pediatrics
|June 3, 2026
PubMed

Insights

Children with growth pain disorder (GP) often have lower vitamin D levels and bone density. Hypermobility and physical activity may increase GP risk, highlighting factors for diagnosis and intervention.

Area of Science:

  • Pediatrics
  • Musculoskeletal Health
  • Pain Management

Background:

  • Growth pain disorder (GP) is a common condition in children, characterized by recurrent limb pain.
  • Identifying risk factors for GP is crucial for effective clinical diagnosis and management.
  • Previous research has explored various potential contributors to GP, but a comprehensive evaluation is needed.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically evaluate risk factors associated with growth pain disorder (GP) in children.
  • To provide an evidence-based reference for the clinical diagnosis and intervention of GP.
  • To synthesize current evidence on factors influencing GP onset and presentation.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review of clinical studies investigating risk factors for GP in children.
  • Searched seven electronic databases from inception to October 2025.
  • Data extraction and quality assessment by two independent researchers; statistical analysis using Review Manager.

Main Results:

  • 37 studies with 16,086 participants identified 17 potential risk factors.
  • Children with GP showed lower serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) and lower bone density.
  • Hypermobility, physical activity, overactivity, genetic factors, and psychosocial status were correlated with GP. Lower pain thresholds and more pain points were observed in children with GP.

Conclusions:

  • GP in children is influenced by multiple factors, including vitamin D levels, bone density, and physical activity.
  • The findings offer a valuable reference for clinical diagnosis and treatment of GP.
  • Further high-quality prospective studies are recommended due to study heterogeneity and sample size limitations.
Abstract

Keywords:
childrenfactorsgrowth pain disorder (GP)meta-analysissystematic review

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