Frontiers in aptamer-based diagnostics and therapeutics for zoonotic diseases

Zoonotic diseases have become a significant public health concern due to their capacity to cross species barriers and cause widespread outbreaks. Conventional diagnostic and therapeutic strategies often lack the specificity, sensitivity, and rapid adaptability required for effective disease management. Therefore, aptamers, single-stranded oligonucleotides, have emerged as powerful tools in detection and therapeutics. This review elucidates the role of aptamer-based technologies in diagnosing and treating bacterial, viral, and parasitic zoonoses, including Leptospira, Helicobacter pylori, rabies virus, monkeypox virus, Plasmodium, and Toxoplasma gondii. It highlights their mechanisms of interaction, including the molecular recognition of virulence factors, such as lipoprotein L32 (lipL32), non-structural protein 1 (NS1), and Plasmodium falciparum lactate dehydrogenase (PfLDH). It explores the development of aptamer-based biosensors, theranostic systems, and point-of-care (POC) detection platforms. Furthermore, emerging innovations such as nanomaterial conjugation, artificial intelligence-assisted systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX), and microfluidic integration are discussed as transformative approaches that enhance diagnostic performance and field applicability. Collectively, this review underscores the versatility and clinical promise of aptamers as next-generation biomolecular tools for rapid, accurate, and cost-effective management of zoonotic diseases, addressing the limitations of existing diagnostic and therapeutic modalities.