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Related Concept Videos

Magnetic Resonance Imaging01:24

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a noninvasive medical imaging technique based on a phenomenon of nuclear physics discovered in the 1930s, in which matter exposed to magnetic fields and radio waves was found to emit radio signals. In 1970, a physician and researcher named Raymond Damadian noticed that malignant (cancerous) tissue gave off different signals than normal body tissue. He applied for a patent for the first MRI scanning device in clinical use by the early 1980s. The early MRI...
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Hagen-Poiseuille flow describes a viscous fluid's steady, incompressible flow through a cylindrical tube with a constant radius R. This flow profile is often applied to understand fluid transport in narrow channels, such as capillaries. It serves as a foundational example of laminar flow. In this model, cylindrical coordinates (r,θ,z) are used to describe the radial (r), angular (θ), and axial (z) dimensions within the tube. For Hagen-Poiseuille flow, the velocity profile is purely axial,...

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Updated: Jun 4, 2026

Development and Evaluation of 3D-Printed Cardiovascular Phantoms for Interventional Planning and Training
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Visualization of Swirling Flow in a 3-dimensional Helical Stent Model using Color-coded Circulation and 4-dimensional

Mitsunari Maruyama1, Takaya Kawasumi1, Yuki Kimura1

  • 1Department of Radiology, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Japan.

Interventional Radiology (Higashimatsuyama-Shi (Japan)
|June 3, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Four-dimensional flow magnetic resonance imaging and color-coded circulation imaging reveal distinct intraluminal flow patterns in helical versus straight stent models. Helical stents exhibit swirling flow, while straight stents show laminar flow, aiding visualization of flow dynamics.

Keywords:
4D flow MRIcolor-coded circulationlaminar flowswirling flow

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Published on: February 25, 2022

Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Medical Imaging
  • Fluid Dynamics

Background:

  • Accurate visualization of intraluminal blood flow is crucial for understanding stent performance.
  • Traditional imaging methods can be limited by artifacts and resolution in complex geometries.
  • Four-dimensional flow magnetic resonance imaging (4D Flow MRI) offers advanced capabilities for hemodynamic assessment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare the visualization of intraluminal flow in 3D helical and straight stent models.
  • To evaluate the differences in flow patterns using color-coded circulation and 4D Flow MRI.

Main Methods:

  • 3D-printed stent models (helical with varying curvatures and straight) were created using poly(vinyl alcohol) hydrogel tubes.
  • Intraluminal flow was assessed using 4D Flow MRI and color-coded circulation imaging under constant flow conditions.
  • Micro-computed tomography was used to obtain precise geometries of the stent models.

Main Results:

  • Helical stent models displayed swirling intraluminal flow, which decreased with reduced curvature.
  • Straight stent models exhibited laminar flow patterns.
  • Color-coded circulation and 4D Flow MRI both showed eccentric velocity distributions in helical models and central flow in straight models.

Conclusions:

  • 4D Flow MRI effectively visualizes swirling flow in helical stents and laminar flow in straight stents.
  • Color-coded circulation imaging complements 4D Flow MRI by reflecting high- and low-velocity regions based on streamline patterns.
  • These imaging techniques provide distinct insights into the hemodynamic differences between helical and straight stent designs.