Psychometric validation of the Korean Hope-Action Inventory among university students

The present study examined the psychometric properties of the Hope-Action Inventory (HAI) in Korean university students. Two independent samples (Sample 1: N = 2,096; Sample 2: N = 1,004) were used to compare competing models, including correlated seven-factor, hierarchical, and bifactor structures, and to evaluate reliability and convergent validity. Across both samples, a modified seven-factor correlated model demonstrated the best overall fit among the tested models. Internal consistency was examined using Cronbach's α and McDonald's ω, indicating excellent reliability for the total score and acceptable to good reliability for all subscales. Convergent validity was supported by expected associations between HAI scores and theoretically related constructs, including vocational identity, components of human agency, career goal and preparation competencies, dispositional hope, optimism, flexibility-related measures, and career decision-making difficulties. At the total-score level, the HAI showed strong positive correlations with adaptive career-related constructs and a moderate negative correlation with career decision-making difficulties. Overall, the findings provide evidence supporting the reliability and validity of the Korean HAI for use in career research and practice.