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Relationship Formation

What do you think is the single most influential factor in determining with whom you become friends and whom you form romantic relationships? You might be surprised to learn that the answer is simple: the people with whom you have the most contact. This most important factor is proximity. You are more likely to be friends with people you have regular contact with. For example, there are decades of research that shows that you are more likely to become friends with people who live in your dorm,...
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In- and Out-Groups

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Protein Networks

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Levels of Communication II: Organizational, Public, and Group Dynamics01:27

Levels of Communication II: Organizational, Public, and Group Dynamics

Effective communication is the foundation of a good organization. Communication is the lifeblood of an organization that connects the group with messages. In an organization, communication occurs in upward, downward, and horizontal lines. Downward communication travels from the administrative and senior levels to the staff through official channels such as manuals, rules and regulations, and organizational charts. Staff members initiate upward communication, which is addressed to executives and...
Social Exchange Theory02:06

Social Exchange Theory

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Network Covalent Solids

Network covalent solids contain a three-dimensional network of covalently bonded atoms as found in the crystal structures of nonmetals like diamond, graphite, silicon, and some covalent compounds, such as silicon dioxide (sand) and silicon carbide (carborundum, the abrasive on sandpaper). Many minerals have networks of covalent bonds.
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Redefining assessment tasks to promote students' creativity and integrity in the age of generative artificial intelligence.

International journal for educational integrity : IJEI·2025
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Updated: Jun 4, 2026

Comparing Bibliometric Analysis Using PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science Databases
05:02

Comparing Bibliometric Analysis Using PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science Databases

Published on: October 24, 2019

Who gets in, who gets cited, who gets promoted: informal networks in Kazakhstani academia.

Elena Denisova-Schmidt1, Tatyana Kim2, Aliya Kuzhabekova2

  • 1University of St. Gallen (HSG), St. Gallen, Switzerland.

International Journal for Educational Integrity : IJEI
|June 3, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Informal networks in Kazakhstan

Keywords:
Academic integrityCorruptionHigher educationInformalityKazakhstanResearch integrity

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Last Updated: Jun 4, 2026

Comparing Bibliometric Analysis Using PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science Databases
05:02

Comparing Bibliometric Analysis Using PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science Databases

Published on: October 24, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Social Sciences
  • Higher Education Studies
  • Research Integrity

Background:

  • Kazakhstan's academic landscape is shaped by rapid internationalization and metric-driven reforms.
  • Informal networks play a significant, yet often overlooked, role in academic environments.
  • Understanding these networks is crucial for addressing challenges in academic and research integrity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the dual role of informal networks in academic careers and integrity in Kazakhstan.
  • To analyze how different types of informal networks influence key academic processes.
  • To challenge individualistic views of academic misconduct by highlighting structural factors.

Main Methods:

  • The study employed 23 in-depth interviews with senior university leaders in Kazakhstan.
  • Ledeneva's typology of informal networks was used as a framework for analysis.
  • The research examined the impact of networks on hiring, promotion, authorship, funding, and evaluation.

Main Results:

  • Four types of informal networks (solidarity, domination, redistribution, market-oriented) were identified.
  • These networks both facilitate scholarly work and undermine merit-based governance.
  • Practices like favoritism, guest authorship, and citation manipulation are legitimized by these networks.

Conclusions:

  • Questionable academic practices are embedded in relational obligations and structural incentives, not just individual actions.
  • Policies for academic integrity must adopt context-sensitive approaches.
  • Recognizing the persistence and ambivalent nature of informal networks is key for effective policy-making.