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Updated: Jun 4, 2026

Use of Interferon-γ Enzyme-linked Immunospot Assay to Characterize Novel T-cell Epitopes of Human Papillomavirus
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Assessing HPV Vaccination Trends and Their Alignment with Evolving Recommendations.

Sarah E Loheide1, Braydon M Lee2, Zahrah M Taufique1

  • 1Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, New York Presbyterian Hospital, Columbia University College of Physicians & Surgeons and Weill Cornell Medical College, New York University, New York, New York, USA.

Otolaryngology--Head and Neck Surgery : Official Journal of American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery
|June 3, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination rates declined despite expanded guidelines. Increased male vaccination occurred, but overall HPV vaccine uptake decreased, highlighting a need for updated education and marketing strategies.

Keywords:
HPV vaccinationepidemiologyhead and neck cancerhuman papillomavirus

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Use of Interferon-γ Enzyme-linked Immunospot Assay to Characterize Novel T-cell Epitopes of Human Papillomavirus
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Published on: June 14, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Public Health
  • Vaccinology
  • Cancer Prevention

Background:

  • Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination recommendations have evolved since 2006, expanding to include both sexes and a wider age range.
  • Rising rates of HPV-related head and neck cancers underscore the importance of vaccination in older males and females.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze HPV vaccination trends from 2007 to 2023.
  • To identify opportunities for increasing HPV vaccine awareness and uptake.

Main Methods:

  • A cross-sectional study analyzed 19.6 million HPV vaccinations administered in US hospitals and clinics.
  • Data from the Epic Cosmos national database were stratified by year, patient demographics (age 9-45), and provider specialty.

Main Results:

  • HPV vaccinations increased significantly in males aged 9-21 following updated recommendations in 2009.
  • Despite broadened indications and increased male participation, total HPV vaccinations declined by 47.1% from 2016 to 2023 in patients aged 9-26.
  • Vaccine administration shifted from predominantly pediatrics to a more diverse provider landscape, including family medicine and OBGYN.

Conclusions:

  • Current HPV vaccination guidelines have yielded inconsistent results, with a notable decrease in uptake among target populations since 2016.
  • While males now contribute equally to pediatric HPV vaccinations, their participation in adult vaccinations remains lower.
  • Disparities and discordance with guidelines may stem from outdated, gendered education and marketing approaches.