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Related Concept Videos

¹H NMR: Long-Range Coupling01:27

¹H NMR: Long-Range Coupling

The coupling interactions of nuclei across four or more bonds are usually weak, with J values less than 1 Hz. While these are usually not observed in spectra, the presence of multiple bonds along the coupling pathway can result in observable long-range coupling.
In alkenes, spin information is communicated via σ–π overlap, as seen in allylic (four-bond) and homoallylic (five-bond) couplings. These coupling interactions are stronger when the σ bond is parallel to the alkene π orbitals.
Coupled Reactions01:17

Coupled Reactions

Cellular processes such as building and breaking down complex molecules occur through stepwise chemical reactions. Some of these chemical reactions are spontaneous and release energy, whereas others require energy to proceed. Cells often couple the energy-releasing reaction with the energy-requiring one to carry out important cell functions. 
Energy in adenosine triphosphate or ATP molecules is easily accessible to do work. ATP powers the majority of energy-requiring cellular reactions. Cells...
Spin–Spin Coupling: One-Bond Coupling01:17

Spin–Spin Coupling: One-Bond Coupling

Coupling interactions are strongest between NMR-active nuclei bonded to each other, where spin information can be transmitted directly through the pair of bonding electrons. While nuclei polarize their electrons to the opposite spins, the bonding electron pair has opposite spins. Configurations with antiparallel nuclear spins are expected to be lower in energy. When coupling makes antiparallel states more favorable, J is considered to have a positive value. The one-bond coupling constant, 1J,...
Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)01:20

Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)

Two NMR-active nuclei bonded to a central atom can be involved in geminal or two-bond coupling. Geminal coupling is commonly seen between diastereotopic protons in chiral molecules and unsymmetrical alkenes, among others.
The central atom need not be NMR-active because its electrons are affected by the electron polarization of the spin-active atoms. However, spin information is transmitted less effectively than in one-bond coupling, and 2J values are usually weaker than 1J values. The energy of...
Crystal Field Theory - Octahedral Complexes02:58

Crystal Field Theory - Octahedral Complexes

Crystal Field Theory
To explain the observed behavior of transition metal complexes (such as colors), a model involving electrostatic interactions between the electrons from the ligands and the electrons in the unhybridized d orbitals of the central metal atom has been developed. This electrostatic model is crystal field theory (CFT). It helps to understand, interpret, and predict the colors, magnetic behavior, and some structures of coordination compounds of transition metals.
CFT focuses on...
Chemical Bonds02:40

Chemical Bonds


Atoms participate in a chemical bond formation to acquire a completed valence-shell electron configuration similar to that of the noble gas nearest to it in atomic number. Ionic, covalent, and metallic bonds are some of the important types of chemical bonds. Bond energy and bond length determine the strength of a chemical bond.
Types of Chemical Bonds
An ionic bond is formed due to electrostatic attraction between cations and anions. Often, the ions are formed by the transfer of electrons from...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 4, 2026

Liquid-cell Transmission Electron Microscopy for Tracking Self-assembly of Nanoparticles
08:39

Liquid-cell Transmission Electron Microscopy for Tracking Self-assembly of Nanoparticles

Published on: October 16, 2017

Charge-Energy Coupling Drives Ag6 Nanocluster-Amine Self-Assembly.

Jian-Hua Yang1, Jia Deng1, Chuan-Shuai Dong1

  • 1Key Laboratory of Heat and Mass Transfer and Low-Carbon Conversion, Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.

The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters
|June 3, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Understanding charge-energy coupling in self-assembly is key for nanostructure design. This study reveals how pH and concentration control silver nanocluster (Ag6NCs) morphology transitions, enabling precise control.

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Last Updated: Jun 4, 2026

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08:39

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Published on: October 16, 2017

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Using Polystyrene-block-poly(acrylic acid)-coated Metal Nanoparticles as Monomers for Their Homo- and Co-polymerization

Published on: July 9, 2015

Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Nanotechnology
  • Physical Chemistry

Background:

  • The charge-energy coupling mechanism in solution self-assembly is poorly understood.
  • This lack of understanding limits predictable nanostructure design and precise morphology control.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze continuous morphology transitions in a silver nanocluster (Ag6NCs)-octadecylamine (ODA) system.
  • To establish a multiscale simulation framework for coupled pH and concentration regulation.
  • To provide a mechanistic understanding of morphological evolution in complex self-assembly systems.

Main Methods:

  • Developed a multiscale simulation framework.
  • Constructed a two-dimensional concentration-pH phase diagram.
  • Performed experimental validation using morphology characterization, DLS, PDI, and zeta potential analyses.

Main Results:

  • Revealed continuous morphology evolution from clusters to fiber-like intermediates, porous lamellae, and large square lamellae.
  • Demonstrated that concentration drives rearrangement via nonbond interaction energy, while pH influences the pathway through ionization and interfacial charge.
  • Established a cross-scale link from molecular ionization to mesoscale morphology.

Conclusions:

  • Validated simulations through comprehensive experiments.
  • Supported a mechanism of local charge compensation-promoted rearrangement and interfacial reconstruction-enabled stabilization.
  • Established a charge-energy coupling framework for understanding morphological evolution in self-assembly.