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Rational Dual-Site Doping of the Hematite Photoanode Unlocks Efficient Solar Water Splitting.

Hongxin Wang1, Ke Liang1, Luyang Feng1

  • 1College of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China.

ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
|June 3, 2026
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Summary

Dual-site doping with ytterbium and zirconium enhances hematite (α-Fe2O3) photoanodes for solar water splitting by improving charge transport and reducing recombination, achieving higher photocurrents.

Keywords:
dual-site dopinghematitehybrid microwave annealingmultiporous nanostructuresphotoelectrochemical water splitting

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Renewable Energy

Background:

  • Hematite (α-Fe2O3) is a key material for photoanodes in solar water splitting.
  • Its efficiency is limited by poor electron mobility and high surface charge recombination.
  • Atomic-level doping is a strategy to overcome these limitations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a dual-site doping strategy for hematite photoanodes.
  • To synergistically improve bulk charge transport and suppress surface recombination.
  • To enhance solar water splitting performance and stability.

Main Methods:

  • In situ doping of hematite with ytterbium (Yb3+) in the bulk.
  • Ex situ surface modification with zirconium (Zr4+).
  • Hybrid microwave annealing (HMA) for nanostructure formation.

Main Results:

  • Yb3+ doping improved bulk charge transport via chemical environment modulation and lattice distortion.
  • Zr4+ surface modification reduced interfacial charge recombination by regulating surface states.
  • The optimized Yb,Zr:Fe2O3 photoanode achieved 3.51 mA cm-2 photocurrent density at 1.23 VRHE with enhanced stability.

Conclusions:

  • Dual-functional doping effectively enhances hematite photoanode performance for solar water splitting.
  • The synergistic effects of bulk and surface doping offer a strategic framework for designing advanced photoelectrodes.
  • This approach holds promise for efficient and stable solar fuel generation.