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Related Concept Videos

Blinding01:11

Blinding

Blinding is a commonly used method of not telling participants which treatment a subject is receiving. Blinding is a critical part of a randomized control trial or RCT. It reduces the bias that affects the results. In an RCT, blinding is used in the form of a placebo. A placebo effect occurs when untreated subjects falsely believe they have received the treatment and report improved symptoms. A placebo or a dummy treatment is administered to subjects to negate the bias caused by such an effect.
Subliminal Perception01:15

Subliminal Perception

Subliminal perception refers to the processing of sensory information that occurs below the level of conscious awareness. Researchers study subliminal perception by presenting a stimulus, such as a word or image, very quickly, typically around 50 milliseconds. This rapid presentation is often followed by another stimulus, such as a pattern of dots or lines, which blocks further mental processing of the initial stimulus. As a result, if participants cannot identify the initial stimulus better...
Understanding Deception01:14

Understanding Deception

Deception is a pervasive aspect of human communication. Empirical studies have shown that most individuals engage in some form of deceit on a daily basis, with approximately 20% of social exchanges involving deceptive elements. Lying follows a developmental trajectory, peaking during adolescence and declining with age, possibly due to the maturation of cognitive control and social accountability.Cognitive and Social Factors in Deception DetectionDespite its prevalence, accurately detecting...
Masking and Demasking Agents01:19

Masking and Demasking Agents

EDTA titrations may necessitate masking and demasking agents to temporarily protect a particular metal ion in a mixture from the EDTA reaction. These agents facilitate the sequential analysis of the metal ions by forming stable complexes with some—but not all—metal ions during certain steps.
There are many masking agents, such as cyanide, fluoride, triethanolamine, thiourea, and 2,3-bis(sulfanyl)propan-1-ol (formerly 2,3-dimercapto-1-propanol), with the masking agent chosen based on the metal...
Deindividuation00:57

Deindividuation

Deindividuation is a form of social influence on an individual’s behavior such that the individual engages in unusual or non-normal behavior while in a group setting. Why? Because in these group settings, the individual no longer sees themselves as an individual anymore, disinhibiting their behavior and personal restraint.
Bystander Effect02:09

Bystander Effect

The discussion of bullying highlights the problem of witnesses not intervening to help a victim. This is a common occurrence, as the following well-publicized event demonstrates. In 1964, in Queens, New York, a 19-year-old woman named Kitty Genovese was attacked by a person with a knife near the back entrance to her apartment building and again in the hallway inside her apartment building. When the attack occurred, she screamed for help numerous times and eventually died from her stab wounds.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 5, 2026

Uncovering Hidden Dynamics of Natural Photonic Structures Using Holographic Imaging
05:45

Uncovering Hidden Dynamics of Natural Photonic Structures Using Holographic Imaging

Published on: March 31, 2022

Hiding in plain sight.

Robin Orozco1

  • 1Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66044, USA.

Science Translational Medicine
|June 3, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-infected CD4+ T cells can transform into HIV-1-carrying CD8+ T cells. This lineage change is a key step in understanding HIV-1 latency.

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Digital Inline Holographic Microscopy (DIHM) of Weakly-scattering Subjects
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Digital Inline Holographic Microscopy (DIHM) of Weakly-scattering Subjects

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Last Updated: Jun 5, 2026

Uncovering Hidden Dynamics of Natural Photonic Structures Using Holographic Imaging
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Uncovering Hidden Dynamics of Natural Photonic Structures Using Holographic Imaging

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Inchworming: A Novel Motor Stereotypy in the BTBR T+ Itpr3tf/J Mouse Model of Autism
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Digital Inline Holographic Microscopy (DIHM) of Weakly-scattering Subjects
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Digital Inline Holographic Microscopy (DIHM) of Weakly-scattering Subjects

Published on: February 8, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Virology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) establishes lifelong infections.
  • CD4+ T cells are the primary targets of HIV-1 infection.
  • Latent HIV-1 reservoirs are a major barrier to curing HIV-1.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the lineage plasticity of HIV-1-infected CD4+ T cells.
  • To understand the cellular mechanisms underlying HIV-1 latency.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of cell surface markers.
  • Tracking of HIV-1 integration and latency in T cell populations.

Main Results:

  • HIV-1-infected CD4+ T cells exhibit lineage marker changes.
  • These altered cells acquire characteristics of CD8+ T cells.
  • Latent HIV-1 is harbored within these induced CD8+ T cells.

Conclusions:

  • HIV-1 infection can induce a CD4+ to CD8+ T cell lineage conversion.
  • This cellular reprogramming contributes to the establishment of latent HIV-1 reservoirs.