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Related Concept Videos

Viral Structure00:56

Viral Structure

Viruses are extraordinarily diverse in shape and size, but they all have several structural features in common. All viruses have a core that contains a DNA- or RNA-based genome. The core is surrounded by a protective coat of proteins called the capsid. The capsid is composed of subunits called capsomeres. The capsid and genome-containing core are together known as the nucleocapsid.
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Surface Membrane Barriers

The skin and mucous membranes serve as the primary line of defense against pathogens by providing both physical and chemical protection. These barriers are essential in preventing the entry and establishment of microbes, thereby maintaining the integrity of the host.
The outer layer of the skin, the epidermis, is a robust barrier comprising layers of closely packed keratinized cells. This dense arrangement prevents microbes from penetrating the body. The periodic shedding of epidermal cells...

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Engineering Antiviral Agents via Surface Plasmon Resonance
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Setting Boundaries: Surface Engineering of Viral-Inspired Materials.

Daniel de Castro Assumpção1, Danielle Tullman-Ercek1, Nolan W Kennedy1

  • 1Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA ;

Annual Review of Virology
|June 3, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Viral-inspired materials (VIMs) leverage viral precision and synthetic design for advanced applications. Surface engineering strategies enable VIMs to bridge biology and technology, creating dynamic, programmable, and multifunctional materials.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Biotechnology
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Viral-inspired materials (VIMs) combine viral nanoscale precision with synthetic versatility.
  • VIMs create interfaces bridging biological and technological systems.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review surface engineering strategies governing the structure-function relationship of VIMs.
  • To highlight design approaches and applications of VIMs.

Main Methods:

  • Review of six core design strategies for VIMs: natural surface utilization, genetic/chemical decoration, hybrid composites, geometric control, stimuli-responsive materials, and hierarchical assembly.
  • Exploration of emerging trends like unconventional protein architectures, de novo protein design, and hybrid material creation.

Main Results:

  • Surface engineering strategies significantly influence VIM structure and function.
  • These strategies expand VIM diversity for biomedical, catalytic, and electronic applications.

Conclusions:

  • VIMs are powerful platforms for dynamic, programmable, and multifunctional materials.
  • Integration of biological precision and synthetic design is key to VIM advancement.