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Related Concept Videos

Myocarditis I: Introduction01:21

Myocarditis I: Introduction

Myocarditis is inflammation of the myocardium, which is the muscular layer of the heart.EtiologyMyocarditis has a diverse etiology, including a wide range of infectious and non-infectious causes:Infectious CausesViral: Common viruses include Coxsackie A and B, adenovirus, parvovirus B19, enteroviruses, and influenza A.Bacterial: Examples include infections caused by Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, and Mycoplasma species.Rickettsial: Infections like Rocky Mountain spotted fever can result in...
Chronic Inflammation: Introduction01:12

Chronic Inflammation: Introduction

Chronic inflammation is a prolonged, dysregulated immune response that persists for weeks to years when the inciting stimulus is difficult to eradicate or when self‑antigens drive ongoing reactivity. Morphologically, it is defined by mononuclear cell infiltration, progressive tissue destruction, and concurrent attempts at healing via angiogenesis and fibrosis. Compared with acute inflammation, edema is less prominent while cellular infiltration predominates; triggers include persistent...
Acute Coronary Syndrome I: Introduction01:30

Acute Coronary Syndrome I: Introduction

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Ischemic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology

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The pathophysiology of Acute Coronary Syndrome [ACD] involves several key processes:The main underlying cause of ACD is atherosclerosis, a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by the buildup of lipid-laden plaques within the coronary arteries.As the atherosclerotic plaque grows in the coronary artery, it may become unstable due to the formation of a lipid-rich core and a thin fibrous cap. Inflammatory cells within the plaque, such as macrophages, secrete enzymes that degrade the...
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Acute Inflammation III: Local and Systemic Effects

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 5, 2026

Myocardial Infarction and Functional Outcome Assessment in Pigs
12:03

Myocardial Infarction and Functional Outcome Assessment in Pigs

Published on: April 25, 2014

Prolonged Inflammation Associates With Greater Infarct Size and Poor Outcome After ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial

Christian Graesser1, Johannes Krefting2, Marius Schwab3

  • 1German Heart Centre Munich, Department of Cardiology, TUM University Hospital, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany; German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany; Department of Internal Medicine III - Cardiology and Angiology, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg/Saar, Germany.

JACC. Basic to Translational Science
|June 3, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Persistent high white blood cell counts after ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) indicate ongoing inflammation. This sustained leukocytosis is linked to larger infarct size, poorer heart function, and increased mortality risk.

Keywords:
STEMIinflammationleukocytesresolution of inflammationrisk stratification

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Histological Quantification of Chronic Myocardial Infarct in Rats
09:45

Histological Quantification of Chronic Myocardial Infarct in Rats

Published on: December 11, 2016

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 5, 2026

Myocardial Infarction and Functional Outcome Assessment in Pigs
12:03

Myocardial Infarction and Functional Outcome Assessment in Pigs

Published on: April 25, 2014

Histological Quantification of Chronic Myocardial Infarct in Rats
09:45

Histological Quantification of Chronic Myocardial Infarct in Rats

Published on: December 11, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Cardiovascular Medicine
  • Immunology
  • Biomarkers

Background:

  • Acute myocardial infarction (MI) triggers a systemic inflammatory response.
  • The prognostic significance of persistent inflammation post-MI remains unclear.
  • Leukocyte counts typically normalize within days, but sustained elevation warrants investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the relationship between sustained leukocytosis and clinical outcomes after ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI).
  • To determine if elevated leukocyte counts correlate with infarct size and left ventricular function.
  • To identify persistent inflammation as a potential negative prognostic marker.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of over 1,700 STEMI patients treated with primary percutaneous coronary intervention.
  • Stratification of patients based on leukocyte counts at admission and day 3.
  • Assessment of infarct size, left ventricular function, and mortality rates.
  • Monocyte RNA sequencing and murine MI models to study immune response.

Main Results:

  • High leukocyte counts on day 3 post-STEMI were associated with larger infarct size.
  • Persistent leukocytosis correlated with worse left ventricular function and increased 1- and 5-year mortality.
  • Declining leukocyte counts indicated better recovery, while persistent elevation predicted poorer outcomes.

Conclusions:

  • Persistent inflammation, indicated by elevated day 3 leukocyte counts, is linked to adverse cardiac remodeling and higher mortality post-STEMI.
  • Unresolved inflammation serves as a negative prognostic indicator.
  • Targeting persistent inflammation may offer a therapeutic strategy for STEMI patients.