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Regulation of Food Intake

Regulation of Food Intake

Short-term regulation of food intake primarily involves neural signals from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, blood nutrient levels, and GI tract hormones. Communication between the gut and brain via vagal nerve fibers plays a significant role in evaluating the contents of the gut. Clinical studies have shown that protein ingestion produces a more prolonged response in these nerve fibers compared to an equivalent amount of glucose. Additionally, the activation of stretch receptors caused by GI...

Neural Regulation

Neural Regulation

Digestion begins with a cephalic phase that prepares the digestive system to receive food. When our brain processes visual or olfactory information about food, it triggers impulses in the cranial nerves innervating the salivary glands and stomach to prepare for food.

Conditioned Taste Aversion

Conditioned Taste Aversion

Conditioned taste aversion, also known as sauce béarnaise syndrome, is a phenomenon in which an individual develops an aversion to a certain food taste following a negative experience, typically illness. This form of aversion is a type of classical conditioning in which the taste of the food (conditioned stimulus, CS) is associated with the experience of illness (unconditioned stimulus, UCS).
A notable characteristic of conditioned taste aversion is that it often requires only a single exposure...

Primary Motives: Hunger and Thirst

Primary Motives: Hunger and Thirst

Hunger and thirst are fundamental physiological drives crucial for maintaining homeostasis and ensuring the survival of both humans and animals. These drives are regulated through complex interactions between the brain, hormones, and sensory receptors.
Hunger arises when the brain detects changes in the body's nutrient levels, including glucose, lipids, amino acids, and hormones such as ghrelin and leptin. The hypothalamus plays a central role in hunger regulation. The lateral hypothalamus acts...

The Physiology of Taste

The Physiology of Taste

The perception of a salty flavor is facilitated by sodium ions within the oral salivary fluid. Upon consumption of a salty substance, salt crystals disassemble, leading to the liberation of its constituents—Na+ and Cl- ions. These ions subsequently dissolve into the salivary fluid present in the oral cavity. The external environment of the gustatory cells experiences an elevation in Na+ concentration, thereby establishing a potent concentration gradient. This gradient propels the diffusion of...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 5, 2026

Combining Quantitative Food-intake Assays and Forcibly Activating Neurons to Study Appetite in Drosophila

Combining Quantitative Food-intake Assays and Forcibly Activating Neurons to Study Appetite in Drosophila

Published on: April 24, 2018

When memory shapes appetite: A top-down peptidergic gate for context-dependent feeding.

Tianbo Qi¹, Li Ye¹

¹Department of Neuroscience, Dorris Neuroscience Center, Scripps Research, San Diego, CA, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA.

|June 3, 2026

Summary

Researchers discovered a brain circuit regulating feeding based on environmental context. Prodynorphin-expressing neurons in the septum transmit aversive signals, controlling food intake according to learned cues.

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Control of Eating Behavior Using a Novel Feedback System

Control of Eating Behavior Using a Novel Feedback System

Published on: May 8, 2018

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 5, 2026

Combining Quantitative Food-intake Assays and Forcibly Activating Neurons to Study Appetite in Drosophila

Combining Quantitative Food-intake Assays and Forcibly Activating Neurons to Study Appetite in Drosophila

Published on: April 24, 2018

Simultaneous Detection of c-Fos Activation from Mesolimbic and Mesocortical Dopamine Reward Sites Following Naive Sugar and Fat Ingestion in Rats

Simultaneous Detection of c-Fos Activation from Mesolimbic and Mesocortical Dopamine Reward Sites Following Naive Sugar and Fat Ingestion in Rats

Published on: August 24, 2016

Control of Eating Behavior Using a Novel Feedback System

Control of Eating Behavior Using a Novel Feedback System

Published on: May 8, 2018

Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Behavioral Neuroscience
Circuit Neuroscience

Background:

Contextual feeding is influenced by environmental cues.
The neural circuits underlying learned feeding behaviors are not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

To identify the neural circuit regulating contextual feeding.
To elucidate the role of specific neuronal populations in gating food consumption based on environmental context.

Main Methods:

The study utilized a combination of circuit tracing and in vivo electrophysiology.
Optogenetic and chemogenetic techniques were employed to manipulate neuronal activity.

Main Results:

A hippocampus-septum-hypothalamus circuit was identified.
Prodynorphin-expressing septal neurons were found to transmit aversive contextual signals.
This pathway was shown to gate food consumption according to learned environmental context.

Conclusions:

Prodynorphin-expressing septal neurons play a critical role in contextual feeding.
The identified circuit provides a neural basis for how learned environmental context influences food intake.