Electrochemical biosensor-based strategies for sensitive detection of prostate cancer biomarkers

Prostate Cancer (PCa) is one of the most common cancer and leading cause of mortality among men, resulting in deaths annually ∼396,000 worldwide. Recent advances in nanotechnology-assisted biosensors have enabled highly sensitive detection of prostate cancer biomarkers which are prostate specific antigen (PSA), prostate cancer antigen 3 (PCA3), and microRNAs, across blood, urine, and tissue samples and provide promising alternatives for sensitive, rapid, and cost-effective prostate cancer detection and engaging the "ASSURED" (Affordable, Sensitive, Specific, User-friendly, Rapid and Robust, Equipment free and Deliverable) criteria as per WHO guidelines. This review systematically summarizes progress in biosensor platforms based on immunosensors, aptamer-based sensors, peptide-based sensors, nanopore technologies, and miRNA targeted biosensors by highlighting the nanomaterials such as graphene derivatives, carbon nanotubes, noble metal nanoparticles, and carbon dots in enhancing analytical performance. In this review we critically discussed about various biomarkers in details and multiple nano-materials with LOD, range and limitation for better material selection and current challenges, translational limitations, and future prospects toward point-of-care, and non-invasive prostate cancer diagnostics.