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ENCORE: an energy-efficient cluster-based multi-hop routing framework for WNSNs in IoNT
1School of Computer Science and Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India.
Scientific Reports
|June 3, 2026
Summary
The Energy-efficient Network Clustering and Optimized Routing based on Environments (ENCORE) framework enhances the lifetime of wireless nano-sensor networks (WNSNs) by optimizing energy usage and routing. ENCORE significantly improves network longevity and data delivery for the Internet of Nano-Things (IoNT).
Area of Science:
- Computer Science
- Wireless Sensor Networks
- Internet of Things (IoT)
Background:
- Internet of Nano-Things (IoNT) relies on wireless nano-sensor networks (WNSNs) facing severe energy and communication constraints.
- Limited onboard energy and lack of post-deployment energy replenishment restrict WNSN network lifetime and reliability.
- Applications like biological monitoring and environmental sensing demand robust and long-lasting WNSNs.
Purpose of the Study:
- To propose an energy-aware clustering and multi-hop routing framework, ENCORE, for dense 3D WNSNs.
- To enhance network lifetime and communication reliability in energy-constrained IoNT environments.
- To balance communication load and prevent premature node depletion in WNSNs.
Main Methods:
- Developed Energy-efficient Network Clustering and Optimized Routing based on Environments (ENCORE) framework.
- Implemented topology-adaptive cluster-head selection using residual energy and sink proximity.
- Utilized a structured, sink-oriented, loop-free multi-hop backbone for efficient communication.
- Employed a pulse-oriented nano-communication energy model to simulate continuous energy degradation.
Main Results:
- ENCORE demonstrated significant improvements in network lifetime, residual energy retention, and packet delivery.
- Achieved up to 45% lifetime improvement compared to DEEPNT.
- Showed nearly a threefold gain in network lifetime compared to LGN.
- Outperformed Flooding (FLD), LGN, and DEEPNT in simulation results across multiple randomized deployments.
Conclusions:
- ENCORE effectively addresses energy limitations in WNSNs for IoNT applications.
- The proposed framework enhances network longevity and data transmission reliability.
- ENCORE offers a promising solution for sustainable and efficient WNSN operations.
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