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Gene Duplication and Divergence

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 5, 2026

Sample Preparation for Rapid Lipid Analysis in Drosophila Brain Using Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry Imaging
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Apolipoprotein D neofunctionalization couples lipid allocation to wing evolution.

Yuxin Huang1, Yinghui Li1, Shunze Jia1

  • 1College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.

The EMBO Journal
|June 3, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Apolipoprotein D2 (ApoD2) is crucial for insect wing development, regulating lipid allocation and energy for morphogenesis. Its neofunctionalization resolved evolutionary trade-offs, enabling complex traits and insect success.

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Published on: August 15, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Metabolic Regulation
  • Developmental Biology

Background:

  • Insect wings represent a key evolutionary innovation driving ecological success.
  • The metabolic underpinnings of wing evolution remain largely unknown.
  • Apolipoprotein D (ApoD) is a known lipid-binding protein.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify metabolic regulators involved in lepidopteran wing development.
  • To elucidate the function of apolipoprotein D2 (ApoD2) in coordinating lipid allocation during wing morphogenesis.
  • To understand the evolutionary implications of ApoD2 neofunctionalization.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative phylogenomics across 791 metazoan genomes.
  • Gene expression analysis in Bombyx mori.
  • Lipidomic profiling and biochemical assays.
  • Investigation of mitochondrial bioenergetics and autophagy pathways.

Main Results:

  • Apolipoprotein D2 (ApoD2) duplicated and became wing-enriched in Lepidoptera.
  • ApoD2 is essential for wing morphogenesis, coordinating lipid use for energy demands.
  • ApoD2 deficiency impairs mitochondrial function, fatty acid oxidation, and causes lipid misallocation.
  • Systemic lipid imbalances and AMPK-dependent autophagy were observed in ApoD2-deficient moths.

Conclusions:

  • Neofunctionalized ApoD2 acts as a key metabolic regulator in lepidopteran wing development.
  • ApoD2 integrates systemic lipid transport with organ-specific energy deployment.
  • Metabolic innovation, exemplified by ApoD2, drives the evolution of complex insect traits and resolves evolutionary trade-offs.