Spermine is an endogenous iron chelator that inhibits ferroptosis

Ferroptosis is an iron-dependent form of cell death driven by lipid peroxidation¹. Here we identify spermine-a polyamine derived from spermidine²-as an endogenous iron chelator that directly suppresses ferroptosis. Integrating metabolomics, stable isotope tracing and biophysical studies of the interaction between spermine and Fe²⁺ ions, we demonstrate that aldehyde dehydrogenase 18 family member A1 (ALDH18A1) promotes an alternative glutamine-dependent pathway for de novo spermine synthesis. This process limits iron availability and lipid peroxidation in hepatocellular carcinoma. Genetic or pharmacological inhibition of ALDH18A1-through knockout, short hairpin RNA delivered using adeno-associated virus (AAV), or the small molecule inhibitor YG1702-triggers ferroptosis and impairs both spontaneous and chemically induced hepatocarcinogenesis. Conversely, supplementation of spermine protects against ferroptosis-associated ischaemia-reperfusion injury across multiple tissues, including the liver, intestine and kidneys. These findings uncover a pathophysiologically relevant metabolic circuit in which spermine-mediated iron chelation suppresses ferroptosis.