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Related Concept Videos

Meiosis II01:57

Meiosis II

Meiosis II is the second and final stage of meiosis. It relies on the haploid cells produced during meiosis I, each of which contain only 23 chromosomes—one from each homologous initial pair. Importantly, each chromosome in these cells is composed of two joined copies, and when these cells enter meiosis II, the goal is to separate such sister chromatids using the same microtubule-based network employed in other division processes. The result of meiosis II is two haploid cells, each containing...
Meiosis II02:02

Meiosis II

Meiosis II entails cell division and segregation of the sister chromatids, resulting in the production of four unique haploid gametes. The steps for meiosis II are similar to mitosis, except that meiosis II occurs in haploid cells, whereas mitosis occurs in diploid cells.
The timing and cell division patterns of meiosis differ between males and females. In male meiosis, the centrosomes are part of the formation of the meiotic spindle. However, in oocytes, including that of humans, Drosophila,...
Meiosis II02:02

Meiosis II

Meiosis II entails cell division and segregation of the sister chromatids, resulting in the production of four unique haploid gametes. The steps for meiosis II are similar to mitosis, except that meiosis II occurs in haploid cells, whereas mitosis occurs in diploid cells.
The timing and cell division patterns of meiosis differ between males and females. In male meiosis, the centrosomes are part of the formation of the meiotic spindle. However, in oocytes, including that of humans, Drosophila,...
Crossing Over01:34

Crossing Over

Unlike mitosis, meiosis aims for genetic diversity in its creation of haploid gametes. Dividing germ cells first begin this process in prophase I, where each chromosome—replicated in S phase—is now composed of two sister chromatids (identical copies) joined centrally.
The homologous pairs of sister chromosomes—one from the maternal and one from the paternal genome—then begin to align alongside each other lengthwise, matching corresponding DNA positions in a process called synapsis.
In order to...
Crossing Over01:30

Crossing Over

Crossing over is the exchange of genetic information between homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis I. Genetic recombination gives rise to allelic diversity in the newly formed daughter cells. In humans, crossing over produces genetically distinct haploid egg and sperm cells that undergo fertilization to produce unique offspring. Before cell division starts, the germ cell’s chromosome(s) undergo duplication in the S phase of the cell cycle. As the cells enter prophase I, duplicated...
Cancers Originate from Somatic Mutations in a Single Cell02:21

Cancers Originate from Somatic Mutations in a Single Cell

Cancer arises from mutations in the critical genes that allow healthy cells to escape cell cycle regulation and acquire the ability to proliferate indefinitely. Though originating from a single mutation event in one of the originator cells, cancer progresses when the mutant cell lines continue to gain more and more mutations, and finally, become malignant. For example, chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) develops initially as a non-lethal increase in white blood cells, which progressively...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 5, 2026

Lineage Tracing and Clonal Analysis in Developing Cerebral Cortex Using Mosaic Analysis with Double Markers (MADM)
09:25

Lineage Tracing and Clonal Analysis in Developing Cerebral Cortex Using Mosaic Analysis with Double Markers (MADM)

Published on: May 8, 2020

[Somatic Mosaicism and Clonal Evolution].

Nobuyuki Kakiuchi1

  • 1The Hakubi Center for Advanced Research, Kyoto University.

Gan to Kagaku Ryoho. Cancer & Chemotherapy
|June 4, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Somatic mosaicism, the accumulation of mutations in normal cells, is increasingly recognized with aging and environmental exposures. This phenomenon, involving expanded clones with cancer driver mutations, impacts tissue remodeling and may play a role in non-neoplastic diseases.

Area of Science:

  • Genetics
  • Cell Biology
  • Evolutionary Biology

Background:

  • Cancer arises from cells acquiring driver mutations, leading to selective growth advantages.
  • Somatic mutations accumulate in normal cells with age and environmental exposures (e.g., alcohol, smoking, UV radiation).
  • Clonal expansion of cells with cancer driver mutations in normal tissues results in somatic mosaicism and tissue remodeling.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize recent findings on somatic mosaicism in normal tissues.
  • To explore the role of somatic mosaicism in non-neoplastic disease pathogenesis.
  • To highlight the impact of chronic inflammatory diseases on somatic mosaicism.

Main Methods:

  • Phylogenetic analysis of cancer and surrounding normal tissues.

More Related Videos

Clonal Genetic Tracing using the Confetti Mouse to Study Mineralized Tissues
07:41

Clonal Genetic Tracing using the Confetti Mouse to Study Mineralized Tissues

Published on: October 23, 2019

Characterizing Mutational Load and Clonal Composition of Human Blood
07:58

Characterizing Mutational Load and Clonal Composition of Human Blood

Published on: July 11, 2019

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 5, 2026

Lineage Tracing and Clonal Analysis in Developing Cerebral Cortex Using Mosaic Analysis with Double Markers (MADM)
09:25

Lineage Tracing and Clonal Analysis in Developing Cerebral Cortex Using Mosaic Analysis with Double Markers (MADM)

Published on: May 8, 2020

Clonal Genetic Tracing using the Confetti Mouse to Study Mineralized Tissues
07:41

Clonal Genetic Tracing using the Confetti Mouse to Study Mineralized Tissues

Published on: October 23, 2019

Characterizing Mutational Load and Clonal Composition of Human Blood
07:58

Characterizing Mutational Load and Clonal Composition of Human Blood

Published on: July 11, 2019

  • Review of accumulating evidence on somatic mosaicism in blood and its association with diseases.
  • Analysis of environmental factors influencing somatic mutation rates.

    • Main Results:

    • Somatic mutations and clonal expansions occur in normal tissues with aging.
    • Somatic mosaicism is influenced by environmental factors and chronic inflammatory diseases.
    • Evidence suggests somatic mosaicism in blood is linked to diseases like atherosclerosis and chronic liver disease.

    Conclusions:

    • Somatic mosaicism is a significant biological process occurring in normal tissues.
    • Understanding somatic mosaicism is crucial for elucidating the pathogenesis of both cancer and non-neoplastic diseases.
    • Further research into somatic mosaicism can reveal new insights into disease development and progression.