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Related Concept Videos

Diabetic Ketoacidosis l: Introduction01:25

Diabetic Ketoacidosis l: Introduction

DefinitionDiabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is an acute, life-threatening complication of diabetes mellitus, characterized by a triad of hyperglycemia (blood glucose >250 mg/dL), ketonemia or ketonuria, and metabolic acidosis (arterial pH <7.30 and serum bicarbonate <18 mEq/L). It results from insulin deficiency combined with elevated levels of counterregulatory hormones—glucagon, catecholamines, cortisol, and growth hormone—leading to increased lipolysis, hepatic ketone production, and...
Diabetic Ketoacidosis ll: Pathophysiology01:22

Diabetic Ketoacidosis ll: Pathophysiology

Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a metabolic emergency characterized by hyperglycemia, ketonemia, and metabolic acidosis. It results from severe insulin deficiency and an excess of counterregulatory hormones, leading to uncontrolled lipolysis, ketogenesis, and widespread electrolyte and fluid disturbances.Pathophysiology The central event in DKA is a profound loss of insulin action. Without insulin, glucose uptake in insulin-dependent tissues is impaired, while hepatic glucose production...
Metabolic States of the Body: The Postabsorptive State01:18

Metabolic States of the Body: The Postabsorptive State

The postabsorptive state usually starts about four hours after a meal and lasts until the next meal is eaten. During this time, the digestive system stops absorbing nutrients, and the body uses stored energy reserves to maintain stable blood glucose levels.
Initially, glycogen stored in the liver is broken down to release glucose into the bloodstream, while glycogen in the muscles is broken down to supply glucose for energy directly within the muscle cells. As glycogen stores diminish,...
Metabolic States of the Body: Fasting and Starvation01:24

Metabolic States of the Body: Fasting and Starvation

During the initial hours of fasting, the body uses up its glycogen stores as an energy source. Once these glycogen reserves are depleted, the body begins breaking down stored triglycerides and structural proteins. During this stage, glycerol becomes a key substrate for gluconeogenesis, while free fatty acids undergo beta-oxidation to provide energy for tissues, such as skeletal muscle. In the fasting state, the body spares protein breakdown as much as possible to conserve muscle and structural...
Carbohydrate Metabolism01:36

Carbohydrate Metabolism

Carbohydrates are polymers composed of molecules containing atoms of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. One gram of carbohydrate can provide four kilo-calories of energy, which makes it the most efficient instant energy source.
Starch accounts for approximately 60% of the carbohydrates consumed by humans. Since amylase enzymes cannot function in the stomach's acidic environment, starch can only be digested in the mouth and small intestine. Simple sugars are found naturally in milk and fruits in the...
Carbohydrate Metabolism01:36

Carbohydrate Metabolism

Carbohydrates are polymers composed of molecules containing atoms of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. One gram of carbohydrate can provide four kilo-calories of energy, which makes it the most efficient instant energy source.
Starch accounts for approximately 60% of the carbohydrates consumed by humans. Since amylase enzymes cannot function in the stomach's acidic environment, starch can only be digested in the mouth and small intestine. Simple sugars are found naturally in milk and fruits in the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 5, 2026

Elevated Plus Maze Test Combined with Video Tracking Software to Investigate the Anxiolytic Effect of Exogenous Ketogenic Supplements
05:42

Elevated Plus Maze Test Combined with Video Tracking Software to Investigate the Anxiolytic Effect of Exogenous Ketogenic Supplements

Published on: January 7, 2019

The Ketogenic Diet: Three Decades Later.

Eric H Kossoff1, Zahava Turner1, Adam L Hartman1,2

  • 1Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.

Journal of Child Neurology
|June 4, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The ketogenic diet, a high-fat, low-carbohydrate therapy, is a standard treatment for refractory epilepsy. Research is exploring its mechanisms, uses, and flexible application in various patient groups and conditions.

Keywords:
dietaryepilepsyketogenicketosisrefractory

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Assessment of the Metabolic Effects of Isocaloric 2:1 Intermittent Fasting in Mice
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Assessment of the Metabolic Effects of Isocaloric 2:1 Intermittent Fasting in Mice

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 5, 2026

Elevated Plus Maze Test Combined with Video Tracking Software to Investigate the Anxiolytic Effect of Exogenous Ketogenic Supplements
05:42

Elevated Plus Maze Test Combined with Video Tracking Software to Investigate the Anxiolytic Effect of Exogenous Ketogenic Supplements

Published on: January 7, 2019

Assessment of the Metabolic Effects of Isocaloric 2:1 Intermittent Fasting in Mice
08:06

Assessment of the Metabolic Effects of Isocaloric 2:1 Intermittent Fasting in Mice

Published on: November 27, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Metabolic Disorders
  • Dietary Therapy

Background:

  • The classic ketogenic diet has been a cornerstone in managing refractory epilepsy for decades.
  • Its initial presentation 30 years ago marked a significant moment in nonpharmacologic epilepsy treatment.
  • A resurgence in research highlights its continued relevance and evolving understanding.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current status and resurgence of the ketogenic diet as a therapeutic option.
  • To explore the basic mechanisms of action driving its efficacy.
  • To discuss its clinical indications, implementation strategies, and expanded applications.

Main Methods:

  • This is a review article, synthesizing existing research and clinical experience.
  • It highlights findings from multicenter, collaborative research efforts.
  • Focuses on basic science, clinical indications, and practical application.

Main Results:

  • The ketogenic diet is experiencing a resurgence, moving beyond historical use.
  • Ongoing research is elucidating its fundamental mechanisms of action.
  • Flexible methods for initiation and maintenance are being developed.

Conclusions:

  • The ketogenic diet remains a vital, nonpharmacologic approach for refractory epilepsy.
  • Its application is expanding to include infants, adults, and conditions beyond epilepsy.
  • Continued research is crucial for optimizing its therapeutic potential.