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¹H NMR: Long-Range Coupling

¹H NMR: Long-Range Coupling

The coupling interactions of nuclei across four or more bonds are usually weak, with J values less than 1 Hz. While these are usually not observed in spectra, the presence of multiple bonds along the coupling pathway can result in observable long-range coupling.
In alkenes, spin information is communicated via σ–π overlap, as seen in allylic (four-bond) and homoallylic (five-bond) couplings. These coupling interactions are stronger when the σ bond is parallel to the alkene π orbitals.

Electrophilic Addition to Alkynes: Halogenation

Electrophilic Addition to Alkynes: Halogenation

Introduction
Halogenation is another class of electrophilic addition reactions where a halogen molecule gets added across a π bond. In alkynes, the presence of two π bonds allows for the addition of two equivalents of halogens (bromine or chlorine). The addition of the first halogen molecule forms a trans-dihaloalkene as the major product and the cis isomer as the minor product. Subsequent addition of the second equivalent yields the tetrahalide.

Structure and Physical Properties of Alkynes

Structure and Physical Properties of Alkynes

Introduction:
In nature, compounds containing both carbon and hydrogen are known as "hydrocarbons". Aliphatic hydrocarbons are compounds whose molecules contain saturated single bonds (i.e., alkanes) or unsaturated double or triple bonds. Alkenes contain carbon–carbon double bonds and have a structural formula CnH2n. Unsaturated hydrocarbons containing carbon–carbon triple bonds are called "alkynes" and are structurally represented by the formula CnH2n-2.
The simplest alkyne is ethyne, or...

Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution: Addition–Elimination (SNAr)

Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution: Addition–Elimination (S_NAr)

Nucleophilic substitution in aromatic compounds is feasible in substrates bearing strong electron-withdrawing substituents positioned ortho or para to the leaving group. The reaction proceeds via two steps: the addition of the nucleophile and the elimination of the leaving group.
The reaction begins with an attack of the nucleophile on the carbon that holds the leaving group. This results in the delocalization of the π electrons over the ring carbons. The resonance interaction between the...

Structural Isomerism

Structural Isomerism

Isomerism in Complexes
Isomers are different chemical species that have the same chemical formula. Structural isomerism of coordination compounds can be divided into two subcategories, the linkage isomers and coordination-sphere isomers.
Linkage isomers occur when the coordination compound contains a ligand that can bind to the transition metal center through two different atoms. For example, the CN− ligand can bind through the carbon atom or through the nitrogen atom. Similarly, SCN− can be...

Acidity of 1-Alkynes

Acidity of 1-Alkynes

The acidic strength of hydrocarbons follows the order: Alkynes > Alkenes > Alkanes. The strength of an acid is commonly expressed in units of pKa — the lower the pKa, the stronger the acid. Among the hydrocarbons, terminal alkynes have lower pKa values and are, therefore, more acidic. For example, the pKa values for ethane, ethene, and acetylene are 51, 44, and 25, respectively, as shown here.

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Updated: Jun 5, 2026

The Synthesis, Characterization and Reactivity of a Series of Ruthenium N-triphosPh Complexes

The Synthesis, Characterization and Reactivity of a Series of Ruthenium N-triphos^Ph Complexes

Published on: April 10, 2015

Heavier Alkyne-Ni⁰ Complexes, [R₂E₂·Ni] (E = Sn, Pb), Exhibiting σ-Complex Character.

Leopold Junge¹, Emeric Schubert¹, Israel Fernández²

¹Fakultät für Chemie, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany.

Angewandte Chemie (International Ed. in English)

|June 4, 2026

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers created novel nickel(0) complexes featuring heavier group 14 elements, tin (Sn) and lead (Pb). This breakthrough opens new avenues in organometallic chemistry and catalysis by establishing a new bonding mode for these elements.

Keywords:

coordination complex dehydrogenation heavier alkyne complexes main group element nickel organometallic chemistry sigma‐complex transition metal

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Thermochemical Studies of Ni(II) and Zn(II) Ternary Complexes Using Ion Mobility-Mass Spectrometry

Thermochemical Studies of Ni(II) and Zn(II) Ternary Complexes Using Ion Mobility-Mass Spectrometry

Published on: June 8, 2022

Area of Science:

Organometallic Chemistry
Main Group Chemistry
Coordination Chemistry

Background:

Alkyne-transition metal complexes are vital in synthesis and catalysis.
Analogous complexes with heavier group 14 elements (like tin and lead) are scarce.
Existing methods do not readily form these desired complexes.

Purpose of the Study:

To synthesize and characterize the first nickel(0) complexes containing heavier group 14 elements (Sn and Pb).
To explore novel synthetic pathways for accessing these rare organometallic species.
To elucidate the bonding nature and structural characteristics of these new complexes.

Main Methods:

Synthesis of novel nickel(0) complexes with specific bulky phosphine ligands (CyLE).
Utilized a novel reductive group elimination pathway from Sn(II) and Pb(II) precursors.
Characterization through X-ray crystallography and computational studies (DFT).

Main Results:

Successfully synthesized and structurally characterized the first tin(I) and lead(I) complexes stabilized by nickel(0).
Demonstrated a new synthetic route involving reductive elimination from Sn(II) and Pb(II) precursors coordinated to nickel.
Identified the complexes as sigma-complexes of E(I) dimers with a transition metal center, revealing a new bonding mode.

Conclusions:

Established a novel synthetic strategy for accessing elusive heavier group 14 element complexes.
The characterized nickel(0) complexes represent a new class of organometallic compounds with a unique E-Ni bonding interaction.
These findings expand the scope of coordination chemistry and offer potential for new catalytic applications.