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Related Concept Videos

Longitudinal Studies01:26

Longitudinal Studies

Longitudinal studies are also widely used in other medical and social science fields. For instance, in cardiovascular research, they can monitor patients' health over decades to identify risk factors for heart disease, such as high cholesterol or smoking, and evaluate the long-term effectiveness of preventive measures. Similarly, in mental health studies, researchers might follow individuals from adolescence into adulthood to understand the development and progression of conditions like...
Regression Toward the Mean01:52

Regression Toward the Mean

Regression toward the mean (“RTM”) is a phenomenon in which extremely high or low values—for example, and individual’s blood pressure at a particular moment—appear closer to a group’s average upon remeasuring. Although this statistical peculiarity is the result of random error and chance, it has been problematic across various medical, scientific, financial and psychological applications. In particular, RTM, if not taken into account, can interfere when researchers try to extrapolate results...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 5, 2026

Implementation of a Real-Time Psychosis Risk Detection and Alerting System Based on Electronic Health Records using CogStack
07:31

Implementation of a Real-Time Psychosis Risk Detection and Alerting System Based on Electronic Health Records using CogStack

Published on: May 15, 2020

Mapping U.S. POINTER Cognitive-Slope Gains Onto Predicted Clinical Progression: An External-Cohort Translation

Saki Nakashima, Kenichiro Sato, Yoshiki Niimi

    Medrxiv : the Preprint Server for Health Sciences
    |June 4, 2026
    PubMed
    Summary

    A modest cognitive-slope benefit from structured interventions may delay progression to mild cognitive impairment or dementia. Economic analyses suggest potential benefits in higher-risk subgroups, but findings require further validation.

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    Published on: June 9, 2018

    Area of Science:

    • Translational research in neurodegenerative diseases.
    • Cognitive aging and dementia risk prediction.
    • Health economics of cognitive interventions.

    Background:

    • The U.S. POINTER study indicated a modest cognitive-slope benefit from structured versus self-guided interventions.
    • The clinical and economic implications of this benefit for delaying cognitive decline remain unclear.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To translate the U.S. POINTER cognitive-slope benefit into clinically meaningful progression outcomes.
    • To summarize scenario-based economic implications in specific participant subgroups.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilized external cohorts (ADNI, A4, LEARN) with cognitively normal participants.
    • Employed landmark Cox models and joint longitudinal-survival models for analysis.
    • Evaluated a counterfactual +0.029 SD/year improvement in cognitive performance (mPACC) slope.

    Main Results:

    • Landmark analyses showed small translated effects; joint models yielded larger effects with hazard ratios ranging from 0.831 to 0.917.
    • Five-year risk differences varied, with joint models indicating reductions from 1.26 to 3.04 percentage points.
    • Exploratory economic analyses suggested favorable margins in APOE ε4+ & Aβ+ subgroups under specific cost and willingness-to-pay assumptions.

    Conclusions:

    • A structured-versus-self-guided cognitive-slope increment translated to reduced predicted progression risk across cohorts.
    • The absolute clinical delay was modest and dependent on cohort characteristics and analytic framework.
    • Economic-threshold results are hypothesis-generating, indicating potential value in higher-risk subgroups but not definitive cost-effectiveness.