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Related Concept Videos

Mitral Stenosis I: Introduction01:22

Mitral Stenosis I: Introduction

Mitral Valve Stenosis (MVS) is a heart condition where the mitral valve narrows, impeding blood circulation from the left atrium to the left ventricle. The etiology and pathophysiology of this condition are multifaceted, leading to a cascade of cardiovascular complications.Causes of Mitral Valve StenosisRheumatic Heart Disease: It is the main cause of mitral valve stenosis, particularly in developing nations. This condition arises from rheumatic fever, an inflammatory illness resulting from...
Acute Coronary Syndrome I: Introduction01:30

Acute Coronary Syndrome I: Introduction

Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) encompasses a spectrum of heart conditions caused by sudden obstruction of coronary arteries, typically resulting from the rupture of an atherosclerotic plaque and subsequent thrombus (blood clot) formation. This obstruction can lead to partial or complete blockage of blood flow, causing varying degrees of myocardial ischemia or infarction.ACS includes the following clinical entities:Unstable Angina (UA)Non-ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction (NSTEMI)ST-Elevation...
Cardiomyopathy III: Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy01:29

Cardiomyopathy III: Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, or HCM, is an autosomal dominant genetic disorder characterized by asymmetric left ventricular hypertrophy without ventricular dilation. It is more common in men and is typically diagnosed in young, athletic adults.EtiologyHCM is primarily genetic and is caused by mutations in genes encoding sarcomeric proteins. Researchers have identified over 1400 mutations across at least 11 different genes. Among these, the most frequently occurring mutations are found in the...
Cardiomyopathy V: Interprofessional Care01:29

Cardiomyopathy V: Interprofessional Care

Managing cardiomyopathy involves addressing underlying or precipitating causes, treating heart failure with medications, and implementing dietary changes and a balanced exercise and rest regimen.Lifestyle ModificationsCardiomyopathy patients should adopt a low-sodium diet to reduce fluid retention and manage heart failure. A personalized exercise and rest plan helps maintain physical fitness without overstraining the heart. Avoiding alcohol and tobacco is essential to prevent further damage to...
Mitral Stenosis III: Medical Management01:26

Mitral Stenosis III: Medical Management

Mitral stenosis, a condition marked by the narrowing of the mitral valve, necessitates an integrated approach for effective management. This approach includes preventative measures, medical therapy, and surgical interventions to reduce symptoms and prevent complications.PreventionPrevention of mitral stenosis primarily focuses on reducing the incidence of bacterial infections, particularly streptococcal infections, which can lead to rheumatic fever and subsequent valvular damage. Timely...
Mitral Stenosis II: Clinical features and Diagnostic Tests01:23

Mitral Stenosis II: Clinical features and Diagnostic Tests

Mitral stenosis is a heart condition in which the mitral valve, which allows blood to flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle, becomes narrowed or stenotic. This narrowing hinders blood flow and leads to clinical symptoms requiring specific medical evaluations and management strategies. The following overview outlines the clinical symptoms, assessments, diagnostic findings, prevention methods, and treatments for mitral stenosis.Clinical ManifestationsDyspnea (shortness of breath): This...

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Updated: Jun 5, 2026

Echocardiographic Evaluation of Atrial Communications before Transcatheter Closure
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Published on: February 8, 2022

ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction Complicated by Ventricular Septal Defect Is Associated With Very High Mortality

Mohammad Reza Movahed1,2, Arteen Rasti1, Mehrtash Hashemzadeh1

  • 1Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA.

Reviews in Cardiovascular Medicine
|June 4, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Mortality from ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) with ventricular septal defect (VSD) remains high (>50%) with no improvement. Increasing age predicts higher mortality, while Asian race may be linked to lower risk.

Keywords:
acute ST-elevation myocardial infarctionacute coronary syndromeacute myocardial infarctionmechanical complicationsventricular septal defect

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Cardiovascular Research
  • Medical Statistics

Background:

  • ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) is a severe form of heart attack.
  • Ventricular septal defect (VSD) is a critical complication that can arise post-STEMI.
  • The combined occurrence of STEMI and VSD presents a significant clinical challenge.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the mortality trends in patients experiencing STEMI complicated by VSD.
  • To analyze changes in survival rates for this patient cohort between 2016 and 2022.
  • To identify demographic and clinical factors associated with mortality in STEMI-VSD cases.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) database for patient data.
  • Employed International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-10 codes to identify STEMI and VSD cases.
  • Conducted trend analysis and multiple logistic regression to assess mortality predictors.

Main Results:

  • Identified 2735 patients with STEMI-associated VSD.
  • Observed an overall average mortality rate of 50.65%.
  • Found no significant improvement in mortality trends over the study period (2016-2022).
  • Increasing age was a significant predictor of higher mortality (MVOR 1.05, 95% CI 1.03-1.07).
  • Asian race was associated with lower mortality (MVOR 0.26, 95% CI 0.07-1.00).

Conclusions:

  • STEMI complicated by VSD carries a very high mortality risk exceeding 50%.
  • There has been no significant reduction in mortality for this condition in recent years.
  • Age is an independent risk factor for mortality, while Asian ethnicity may confer a protective effect.