Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jun 5, 2026

Echocardiographic Evaluation of Atrial Communications before Transcatheter Closure
Published on: February 8, 2022
ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction Complicated by Ventricular Septal Defect Is Associated With Very High Mortality
Mohammad Reza Movahed1,2, Arteen Rasti1, Mehrtash Hashemzadeh1
1Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA.
Background:
This study aimed to examine mortality trends among patients who presented with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) complicated by ventricular septal defect (VSD) between 2016 and 2022.
Methods:
Using the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) database and International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-10 codes for patients with STEMI and VSD from 2016-2022, we evaluated mortality trends over these years.
Results:
A total of 2735 patients with STEMI-associated VSD were identified. Total average mortality was 50.65%, with no significant average improvement over the years studied. In the multiple logistic regression analysis, the only clinical or demographic predictors of mortality were increasing age, which was associated with higher mortality (multivariate odds ratio (MVOR) 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.05 (1.03-1.07); p < 0.001) and Asian race, which was associated with lower mortality (MVOR 95% CI = 0.26 (0.07-1.00); p = 0.05).
Conclusions:
STEMI complicated by VSD is associated with very high mortality (>50%) and shows no significant improvement over the study period. Furthermore, increasing age is an independent predictor of mortality, whereas Asian populations may be associated with a lower mortality risk.
Related Concept Videos
Mitral Stenosis I: Introduction
Acute Coronary Syndrome I: Introduction
Cardiomyopathy III: Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
Cardiomyopathy V: Interprofessional Care
Mitral Stenosis III: Medical Management
Mitral Stenosis II: Clinical features and Diagnostic Tests
