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Identifying Risk Factors for the Rising Prevalence of Multiple Sclerosis in Saudi Arabia: A case-control analysis.

Omar Babateen¹, Jamil Adnan Samkari², Rewaa Abdulaziz Alkaki³

¹Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

Neurosciences (Riyadh, Saudi Arabia)

|June 4, 2026

Summary

This study identifies key risk factors for multiple sclerosis (MS) in Saudi Arabia. Smoking, vitamin D deficiency, and childhood sexual abuse increase MS risk, while vitamin D and coffee may reduce it.

Keywords:

Case-control study Multiple sclerosis Prevalence Risk factors Saudi Arabia

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Published on: December 9, 2015

Area of Science:

Neurology
Epidemiology
Autoimmune Diseases

Background:

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic central nervous system autoimmune disease.
Prevalence of MS is increasing in Saudi Arabia, necessitating identification of risk factors.

Purpose of the Study:

To identify risk factors associated with the rising prevalence of multiple sclerosis (MS) in Saudi Arabia.
To investigate the association between lifestyle and environmental factors and MS risk.

Main Methods:

A case-control study involving 832 participants (263 MS cases, 569 controls) was conducted.
Data collected via questionnaire, with logistic regression analysis used to determine risk factors.

Main Results:

Smoking (AOR=2.34), vitamin D deficiency (AOR=1.97), and childhood sexual abuse (AOR=1.96) were significantly associated with increased MS risk.
Vitamin D supplementation (AOR=0.17) and coffee consumption (AOR=0.53) showed a significant reduction in MS risk.

Conclusions:

Smoking, vitamin D deficiency, and childhood sexual abuse are identified as risk factors for MS in Saudi Arabia.
Vitamin D supplementation and coffee consumption may be protective against MS.
Further research is recommended to validate these findings and inform prevention strategies.