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The Nucleolus

The Nucleolus

The nucleolus is the most prominent substructure of the nucleus. When it was first discovered, it was considered to be an isolated organelle that forms fibrils and granules. In 1931, the relationship between the nucleolus and chromosomes was first described by Heitz. He observed that the appearance and size of nucleolus varies depending on the stage of the cell cycle. He also noticed constricted regions on different chromosomes clustered together at definite cell cycle stages. These regions,...

The Nucleolus

The Nucleolus

The nucleolus is the most prominent substructure of the nucleus. When it was first discovered, it was considered to be an isolated organelle that forms fibrils and granules. In 1931, the relationship between the nucleolus and chromosomes was first described by Heitz. He observed that the appearance and size of nucleolus varies depending on the stage of the cell cycle. He also noticed constricted regions on different chromosomes clustered together at definite cell cycle stages. These regions,...

Oogenesis

Oogenesis

Oogenesis, the process of developing egg cells (female gametes), occurs within the ovaries and is fundamental to female fertility. This sequence begins during fetal development when diploid oogonia in the developing ovaries undergo mitotic divisions to produce primary oocytes. By birth, these primary oocytes enter prophase I of meiosis but become arrested in this stage, remaining suspended until puberty.
Each primary oocyte is surrounded by a layer of pre-granulosa cells, forming what is known...

Oogenesis

Oogenesis

In human women, oogenesis produces one mature egg cell or ovum for every precursor cell that enters meiosis. This process differs in two unique ways from the equivalent procedure of spermatogenesis in males. First, meiotic divisions during oogenesis are asymmetric, meaning that a large oocyte (containing most of the cytoplasm) and minor polar body are produced as a result of meiosis I, and again following meiosis II. Since only oocytes will go on to form embryos if fertilized, this unequal...

Folliculogenesis

Folliculogenesis

Folliculogenesis is the development of ovarian follicles, the specialized structures within the ovarian cortex where oogenesis, or egg development, occurs. This process is essential for female reproductive health and begins during fetal development when primordial follicles are formed. Each primordial follicle comprises a primary oocyte in the center, surrounded by a single layer of squamous pre-granulosa cells. These follicles remain dormant in late prophase I of meiosis until triggered by...

Regulation of Nuclear Protein Sorting

Regulation of Nuclear Protein Sorting

Nuclear protein sorting regulates nucleus composition and gene expression, crucial for determining the fate of a eukaryotic cell. Hence, the entry and exit of molecules across the nuclear envelope is a tightly controlled process. Nuclear protein sorting can be inhibited by one of the following ways: 1) masking cargo signal sequences, 2) modifying the nuclear receptor's affinity for cargo, 3) controlling the nuclear pore size, 4) retaining the cargo during its transit to the cytosol or the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 5, 2026

Nuclear Migration in the Drosophila Oocyte

Nuclear Migration in the Drosophila Oocyte

Published on: May 13, 2021

Nucleolar Dynamics During Oogenesis.

Ruoyu Li¹, Grace McKown¹, Dai Tsuchiya¹

¹Stowers Institute for Medical Research.

Biorxiv : the Preprint Server for Biology

|June 4, 2026

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Nucleoli dynamically reorganize during zebrafish oogenesis, forming around extrachromosomal DNA. This remodeling of nucleolar condensates is conserved in mouse oocytes, adapting to increased translational demands.

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Isolation and Characterization of Mouse Antral Oocytes Based on Nucleolar Chromatin Organization

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Last Updated: Jun 5, 2026

Nuclear Migration in the Drosophila Oocyte

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Published on: May 13, 2021

Capturing Cytoskeleton-Based Agitation of the Mouse Oocyte Nucleus Across Spatial Scales

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Published on: January 12, 2024

Isolation and Characterization of Mouse Antral Oocytes Based on Nucleolar Chromatin Organization

Isolation and Characterization of Mouse Antral Oocytes Based on Nucleolar Chromatin Organization

Published on: January 7, 2016

Area of Science:

Cell Biology
Developmental Biology
Molecular Biology

Background:

Ribosome biogenesis is a crucial, regulated process initiated in the nucleolus.
Nucleolar organization is known to change under stress, but its modulation during normal development is unclear.
Oogenesis requires a significant increase in protein synthesis, necessitating changes in ribosome production.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the regulation of nucleolar architecture during zebrafish oogenesis.
To understand how nucleolar organization adapts to meet increasing translational demands during development.
To explore the role of extrachromosomal DNA in nucleolus formation.

Main Methods:

Live imaging of zebrafish oocytes.
High-resolution microscopy to observe nucleolar structure and dynamics.
Analysis of nucleolar number, size, localization, and layering.
Investigation of the association between nucleoli and extrachromosomal DNA.

Main Results:

Nucleoli exhibit coordinated changes in number, size, subnuclear localization, and layering during oogenesis.
Nucleoli form around extrachromosomal DNA circles containing the ribosomal DNA (rDNA) locus.
Similar developmental changes in nucleolar layering and phase organization are observed in mouse oocytes.
Nucleolar remodeling represents a conserved adaptation to developmental needs.

Conclusions:

Nucleolar architecture is dynamically regulated during oogenesis to support massive protein synthesis.
Extrachromosomal DNA plays a role in the formation and organization of nucleoli.
The remodeling of nucleolar condensates is a conserved mechanism across species during oogenesis.
These findings reveal novel regulatory mechanisms of nucleolar organization in response to physiological demands.