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Related Concept Videos

Overview of Cell Signaling01:23

Overview of Cell Signaling

Despite the protective membrane that separates a cell from the environment, cells need the ability to detect and respond to environmental changes. Additionally, cells often need to communicate with one another. Unicellular and multicellular organisms use a variety of cell signaling mechanisms to communicate with the environment.
Cells respond to many types of information, often through receptor proteins positioned on the membrane. For example, skin cells respond to and transmit touch...
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Global Regulatory Systems

Global regulatory systems in bacteria enable rapid and coordinated responses to environmental changes by integrating sensory inputs with gene expression, ensuring efficient adaptation to fluctuating conditions. Key global regulatory mechanisms include regulons, two-component systems, sigma factors, and secondary messengers.Regulons and Global RegulatorsA regulon is a collection of genes and operons controlled by a common global regulator. These regulators enable bacteria to prioritize resource...
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Gene Regulation in Microbial Communities: Quorum Sensing

Quorum sensing is a mechanism of bacterial communication that enables coordinated gene expression in response to changes in population density. This facilitates collective behaviors that enhance survival, resource acquisition, and ecological adaptation. This process relies on small signaling molecules called autoinducers that accumulate as bacterial populations grow. When a critical threshold concentration of autoinducers is reached, bacterial cells collectively modify gene expression,...
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What is Cell Signaling?

Despite the protective membrane that separates a cell from the environment, cells need the ability to detect and respond to environmental changes. Additionally, cells often need to communicate with one another. Unicellular and multicellular organisms use a variety of cell signaling mechanisms to communicate to respond to the environment.
Bacterial Signaling01:30

Bacterial Signaling

Bacterial signaling can occur within bacteria (intracellular) or between bacteria (intercellular). At times, a group of bacteria behaves like a community. To achieve this, they engage in quorum sensing, the perception of higher cell density that causes changes in gene expression. Quorum sensing involves both extracellular and intracellular signaling. The signaling cascade starts with a molecule called an autoinducer (AI). Individual bacteria produce AIs that move out of the bacterial cell...
Amplifying Signals via Enzymatic Cascade01:22

Amplifying Signals via Enzymatic Cascade

When a ligand binds to a cell-surface receptor, the receptor's intracellular domain changes shape, which may either activate its enzyme function or allow its binding to other molecules. The initial signal is amplified by most signal transduction pathways. This means that a single ligand molecule can activate multiple molecules of a downstream target. Proteins that relay a signal are most commonly phosphorylated at one or more sites, activating or inactivating the protein. Kinases catalyze the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 5, 2026

Temporal Ordering of Dynamic Expression Data from Detailed Spatial Expression Maps
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Published on: February 9, 2017

Spatial Regulation of CAR Signaling Enables Logic-Gated Activity.

Tushar D Nichakawade1,2,3, Brian J Mog1,4, Alexander H Pearlman1

  • 1Ludwig Center and Lustgarten Laboratory, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.

Biorxiv : the Preprint Server for Biology
|June 4, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed a new AND-gated receptor, MANTIS, to improve cancer cell targeting by chimeric antigen receptors (CARs). This innovation enhances CAR T cell specificity, reducing damage to healthy tissues by requiring dual antigen recognition for activation.

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Area of Science:

  • Synthetic biology
  • Immunology
  • Cell engineering

Background:

  • Chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) offer cancer therapy potential but can target healthy tissues.
  • Boolean logic CARs enhance specificity by recognizing antigen combinations.
  • Engineering AND-gated CARs for dual antigen recognition is challenging.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To design a novel AND-gated CAR system for precise cancer cell targeting.
  • To leverage extracellular receptor size differences for CAR signaling regulation.

Main Methods:

  • Developed a Multi-Antigen Triggered Immune Synapse (MANTIS) receptor.
  • MANTIS uses steric blocking with a bulky extracellular domain to control CAR activity.
  • Antigen engagement triggers shedding of the blocking domain, enabling CAR activation.

Main Results:

  • MANTIS enables AND-gated CAR T cell activation.
  • The system effectively distinguishes cancer cells based on antigen patterns.
  • Demonstrated spatial regulation of intracellular signaling via receptor size differences.

Conclusions:

  • MANTIS represents a new approach to AND-gated CAR design.
  • Leveraging extracellular receptor dimensions offers a novel strategy for CAR regulation.
  • This platform opens avenues for advanced synthetic biology and cell engineering applications.