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Related Concept Videos

Brain Imaging01:14

Brain Imaging

Brain imaging technologies provide critical insights into both the structure and function of the human brain, enabling medical professionals and researchers to diagnose, study, and treat neurological disorders or psychiatric disorders more effectively.
These technologies include computerized axial tomography (CAT or CT scans), positron-emission tomography (PET scans),  magnetic resonance imaging (MRI),  functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), and Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS).

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 5, 2026

Motor Imagery Performance Through Embodied Digital Twins in a Virtual Reality-Enabled Brain-Computer Interface Environment
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Motor Imagery Performance Through Embodied Digital Twins in a Virtual Reality-Enabled Brain-Computer Interface Environment

Published on: May 10, 2024

A Deterministically Synchronized Widefield Imaging and Virtual Reality Platform for Multimodal Brain-Behavior

Miguel Maldonado1,2,3, Omer Faruk Dinc1,4,3, Macit Emre Lacin1

  • 1Cleveland Clinic Research, Department of Neuroscience, Cleveland, USA.

Biorxiv : the Preprint Server for Biology
|June 4, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a synchronized platform for brain activity, behavior, and virtual reality, enabling millisecond-precision analysis of neural dynamics during active behavior. The hardware-level synchronization overcomes limitations of previous systems for studying brain-behavior interactions.

Keywords:
Brain–behavior couplingClosed-loop behaviorHead-fixed mouseMesoscale cortical dynamicsVirtual realityWidefield calcium imaging

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Published on: September 3, 2015

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Multifunctional Setup for Studying Human Motor Control Using Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation, Electromyography, Motion Capture, and Virtual Reality

Published on: September 3, 2015

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Computational Neuroscience
  • Biomedical Engineering

Background:

  • Understanding large-scale neural dynamics during behavior requires simultaneous recording of brain activity, behavior, and virtual environments.
  • Existing systems suffer from latency, jitter, and drift due to software-based synchronization, hindering fast brain-behavior interaction analysis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present a novel, deterministically synchronized widefield calcium imaging platform.
  • To achieve millisecond-precision temporal alignment across neural imaging, high-speed behavioral monitoring, and closed-loop virtual reality (VR).

Main Methods:

  • Developed a platform unifying neural imaging, behavioral monitoring, and VR under a shared hardware-defined clock.
  • Integrated dual-wavelength hemodynamic correction, pupil and orofacial tracking, locomotion sensing, and VR rendering.
  • Ensured hardware-level synchronization without software timestamps, supporting widefield imaging up to 100 Hz.

Main Results:

  • Achieved stable, hardware-level synchronization across all modalities with millisecond precision.
  • Demonstrated a mean locomotion-to-VR update latency of approximately 1.5 ms.
  • Validated robust temporal alignment between cortical activity, facial dynamics, pupil signals, and locomotion during VR navigation.

Conclusions:

  • The platform offers a deterministic multimodal framework for studying brain-behavior relationships during active behavior.
  • Enables causal investigation of brain-behavior interactions at millisecond precision.
  • Provides a foundation for advanced closed-loop neuroengineering experiments.