Recent Advances in Pesticide Nanocapsules from Chemical Design to Controlled Release

Rapid degradation, poor retention, and low bioavailability hamper traditional pesticides, thereby diminishing efficacy, exacerbating environmental pollution, and necessitating frequent application. While nanoencapsulation systems stabilize active ingredients and facilitate controlled release, the molecular architecture of the carrier wall ultimately dictates nanocapsule performance. This review presents a function-oriented framework that systematically connects wall chemistry with controlled-release profiles. We trace the evolution of wall material systems: from biodegradable natural polymers to synthetic polymers with programmable architectures and finely tunable responsiveness, and finally to supramolecular composite materials capable of synergistic, multistimuli-triggered release. Through comparative analysis, we elucidate how molecular motifs, chain conformation, and supramolecular interactions collectively regulate diffusion-dominated, degradation-mediated, and stimuli-activated release pathways. This work provides critical theoretical foundations and design strategies for the rational development of next-generation pesticide nanocapsules tailored for precision agriculture.