Engineering a High-Affinity Monoclonal Antibody for Thiram Immunoassays and Protection

Thiram (TMTD), a widely used dithiocarbamate fungicide, provokes oxidative hepatotoxicity, yet practical strategies for its detection and immunoprotection remain scarce. Here we develop an antibody-enabled framework integrating detection, therapy, and prevention against TMTD. In the murine model, we characterized the dose-dependent hepatic injury induced by TMTD. Guided by rational C₃/C₇ hapten design, we then generate a monoclonal antibody with high affinity. Building on this reagent, we create a portable immunodetection platform that couples Au nanoflowers with an Au/Ir@Zn/Cu-MOF probe, achieving an IC₅₀ of 0.246 µg/mL. To evaluate protective efficacy, we demonstrated that passive immunization conferred a clear time-dependent therapeutic benefit: mortality decreased from 37.5% in the TMTD-poisoned group to 0% with treatment at 15 or 30 min and to 12.5% with treatment at 60 min, while improving body weight, liver function, and oxidative-stress markers. Complementarily, active immunization with TMTD-BSA elicited high antibody titers and conferred complete survival with graded histopathological protection. Together, this work offers an integrated detection-to-protection strategy that effectively bridges immunodetection with immune protection against TMTD-induced toxicity.