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Challenging Prevailing Stereotypes About Gender Differences in Health Reporting: Evidence Using Biomarker Data From

Anna Oksuzyan¹, Maciej J Dańko², Jennifer Caputo³

¹Department of Demography and Health, School of Public Health, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany; Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany.

|June 4, 2026

Summary

Health reporting shows minimal gender differences. Older White adults report health optimistically, while Hispanic individuals report more pessimistically. Health optimism generally increases with age.

Keywords:

Biomarkers Gender Race and ethnicity Reporting heterogeneity Self-rated health

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Area of Science:

Gerontology
Sociology of Health
Health Disparities

Background:

Understanding health reporting biases is crucial for accurate population health assessment.
Previous research suggests potential demographic influences on self-reported health.
Investigating age and gender effects on health perceptions is an ongoing area of inquiry.

Purpose of the Study:

To examine gender differences in self-reported health across different racial and ethnic groups.
To assess how age influences health reporting optimism and pessimism.
To identify potential disparities in health evaluation based on demographic factors.

Main Methods:

Analysis of survey data on self-rated health.
Stratification by gender, age, and race/ethnicity.
Assessment of reporting bias and optimism/pessimism trends.

Main Results:

Little evidence of significant gender differences in overall health reporting.
Older White adults (60+) exhibited optimistic health evaluations.
Hispanic men and women consistently reported health more pessimistically.
Health reporting optimism generally increased with advancing age across groups.
Inconsistent reporting bias patterns observed among Black adults by age.

Conclusions:

Age appears to be a more consistent predictor of health reporting optimism than gender.
Racial and ethnic differences in health perception warrant further investigation.
Findings suggest a complex interplay of age, ethnicity, and self-rated health.