Gene Editing Technologies for Hereditary Hearing Loss: Prospects and Challenges

Hereditary deafness represents a significant global health challenge with limited therapeutic interventions. Most cases are caused by monogenic mutations inherited in an autosomal dominant or recessive manner, making them suitable targets for gene editing therapies. Recent advances in gene editing technologies have expanded the toolkit for precise genomic modification, including engineered nucleases for gene disruption, base editors (BEs) for point mutations, prime editors (PEs) for substitutions, insertions, and deletions, and mitochondrial editors for modifying mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). These tools have demonstrated significant efficacy in mouse models of hereditary deafness, highlighting their clinical potential. However, given the high degree of genetic heterogeneity, gene editing technologies in this field remain in an early exploratory stage. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the latest breakthroughs in gene-editing platforms and critically evaluate the potential benefits and existing hurdles to their clinical application for treating congenital hearing impairment.