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Effects of Different Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Targets for Enhancing Motor Learning: A

Alfredo Lerín-Calvo^1,2,3, Marcos Moreno-Verdú⁴, Lorena Remón-Ramiro^1,2

¹Applied Neurosciences Research Group in Rehabilitation (GINARE), Neuron, Madrid, Spain.

Neural Plasticity

|June 4, 2026

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High-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) over the somatosensory cortex (S1) enhanced motor learning (ML) in healthy adults. Primary motor cortex (M1) stimulation showed no significant effects on use-dependent ML.

Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Motor Control
Cognitive Science

Background:

The primary motor (M1) and somatosensory (S1) cortices are crucial for motor learning (ML).
The precise physiological mechanisms of ML in these regions are not fully understood.
High-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is a non-invasive brain stimulation technique.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the effects of high-frequency rTMS on M1 and S1.
To determine if rTMS can enhance use-dependent and reinforcement-like ML.
To compare the efficacy of S1 vs. M1 stimulation for ML.

Main Methods:

A single-blind, randomized controlled trial (RCT) involving 60 healthy participants.
Participants received rTMS over M1, S1, or sham (control).

Keywords:

healthy motor learning neuromodulation primary somatosensory cortex repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation

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A 10-day protocol included the Purdue Pegboard Test (PPT) for use-dependent learning and an arbitrary visuomotor association (AVMA) task for reinforcement learning.

Main Results:

S1 stimulation significantly improved use-dependent learning on the PPT compared to sham.
M1 stimulation did not show significant differences from sham for use-dependent learning.
No significant differences were found between groups for reinforcement learning; however, S1 and M1 showed opposing trends.

Conclusions:

rTMS applied over S1 may enhance use-dependent motor learning.
Divergent effects of S1 and M1 stimulation on reinforcement learning require further investigation.
Findings have implications for future research in healthy and clinical populations.