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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 6, 2026

Using Practice Testing, Public Speaking, and Source Monitoring to Examine the Influences of Learning Strategies and Stress on Episodic Memory
07:59

Using Practice Testing, Public Speaking, and Source Monitoring to Examine the Influences of Learning Strategies and Stress on Episodic Memory

Published on: June 14, 2019

Offloading reduces prospective memory learning.

Craig Fellers1, Benjamin C Storm1

  • 1Department of Psychology, University of California, Santa Cruz.

Journal of Experimental Psychology. Learning, Memory, and Cognition
|June 4, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Cognitive offloading using external reminders can improve prospective memory (PM) task performance. However, this strategy may impair future PM performance when reminders are removed, highlighting potential cognitive costs.

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Last Updated: Jun 6, 2026

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Published on: November 14, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Human Memory Studies

Background:

  • Prospective memory (PM) is crucial for daily functioning.
  • Cognitive offloading, using external aids, is a common strategy to manage cognitive load.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of cognitive offloading on prospective memory performance.
  • To examine the long-term effects of using external reminders on PM.

Main Methods:

  • Two experiments were conducted with participants performing PM tasks.
  • Conditions included dual PM (internal memory only) and offload (using external reminders for one task).
  • Performance was assessed during reminder use and after their removal.

Main Results:

  • External reminders improved performance on the offloaded PM task.
  • No improvement was observed for concurrent, non-offloaded PM tasks.
  • Removing reminders led to significantly impaired performance on previously offloaded PM tasks, below baseline.

Conclusions:

  • Cognitive offloading can enhance immediate task performance.
  • Reliance on external reminders may undermine the internal cognitive processes supporting PM.
  • This suggests a potential trade-off between immediate gains and long-term cognitive capacity in PM.