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Rural Airborne PM2.5-bound Microplastics and Heavy Metals: GIS-AI Risk Assessment Review.

A Ashlin1, Sneha Gautam2, Roshini Praveen Kumar1

  • 1Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Coimbatore, 641114, Tamil Nadu, India.

The Science of the Total Environment
|June 4, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) carries microplastics and heavy metals, posing rural health risks. Research is growing, highlighting inhalation as a key exposure route and urging AI/GIS integration for better analysis.

Keywords:
GISHealth risk assessmentHeavy metals (HMs)Microplastics (MPs)PM(2.5)

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Toxicology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) acts as a vector for microplastics (MPs) and heavy metals (HMs), critical air pollutants with significant health implications.
  • Research on rural exposure to PM2.5-bound MPs and HMs is less developed than urban studies, necessitating a comprehensive review.
  • Understanding the complex interplay of these contaminants in rural environments is crucial for assessing and mitigating public health risks.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review sources, spatio-temporal patterns, analytical methods, and health risks of PM2.5-bound MPs and HMs in rural areas.
  • To analyze publication trends and identify major research contributors and themes.
  • To highlight research gaps and propose future directions, including the integration of advanced technologies like GIS and AI.

Main Methods:

  • Bibliometric analysis of 110 articles (2008-2025) from Web of Science using VoS viewer.
  • Keyword network analysis to identify dominant research themes (HM, PM2.5, MP).
  • Systematic evaluation of rural contaminant concentrations, exposure pathways, and health risk assessment methodologies.

Main Results:

  • Publication rates have surged post-2018, with China, the US, and India as leading contributors.
  • Rural PM2.5-bound MP and HM concentrations vary significantly, influenced by seasonality, biomass burning, agriculture, and transport.
  • Inhalation is the primary exposure route; rural health risks may rival urban levels due to prolonged exposure and occupational hazards.
  • Common analytical techniques include FTIR, Raman, SEM-EDS, and ICP-MS, with methodological inconsistencies noted.

Conclusions:

  • Significant growth in research on PM2.5-bound MPs and HMs, particularly in rural settings, is observed.
  • Methodological inconsistencies and limited integration of toxicology, GIS, and AI hinder comprehensive analysis.
  • Integrating GIS and AI can enhance source identification, spatial mapping, and predictive modeling for under-studied rural regions.
  • Findings support WHO air quality guidelines and UN Sustainable Development Goals (3, 7, 11).