Programmable Fc-encoded DNA tile-cube capture enables a thrombin-activated ratiometric ECL/SERS biosensor via a...

Accurate thrombin detection is important for coagulation-related assessment, but reliable quantification at ultralow levels remains challenging because matrix interference, electrode-to-electrode variation, and single-channel signal drift can compromise analytical accuracy. Herein, we developed a thrombin-responsive ratiometric electrochemiluminescence/surface-enhanced Raman scattering (ECL/SERS) biosensor integrating Fc-encoded DNA tiles, a DNA-cube capture scaffold, and a PAM-engineered toehold-switch-regulated CRISPR/Cas12a module on a Ti₃C₂/CsPbBr₃@PDA@Au-modified electrode.

An intentionally cleavable linker probe (LP) serves as the bridge for retaining Fc-rich DNA tiles near the electrode. Without thrombin, intact LP enables tile capture, causing ECL quenching and strong Fc SERS output. With thrombin, split-aptamer proximity assembly activates the toehold switch and Cas12a/crRNA, leading to LP cleavage, Fc-tile depletion, ECL recovery, and SERS attenuation. The anti-correlated signals were integrated as Q = I_ECL/I_SERS. The biosensor showed a detection range from 1 × 10^-7 to 1 × 10^-1 nM and a detection limit of approximately 0.064 fM. Synthetic cleaved LP standards confirmed that LP cleavage can be directly converted into ratiometric ECL/SERS switching. Serum spike-recovery tests gave recoveries of 96.8%-104.0%.

This work establishes a programmable capture-release strategy that converts thrombin recognition into CRISPR/Cas12a-mediated LP cleavage and deterministic interfacial reconfiguration, providing a sensitive, internally referenced, and extensible platform for protein biosensing.