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Related Concept Videos

Assessment of Respiration01:23

Assessment of Respiration

The respiratory system's basic structures and primary functions lay the foundation for nurses' comprehensive respiratory assessments. This assessment includes subjective and objective data to gauge the patient's respiratory health.
Subjective Assessment: Nurses interview the patient to gather information directly during the subjective assessment. It includes questions about the individual's medical history, medications, and symptoms, focusing on past respiratory conditions like asthma or COPD,...
Pulmonary Function Tests01:25

Pulmonary Function Tests

Pulmonary Function Tests (PFTs)
Pulmonary Function Tests are crucial diagnostic tools for assessing respiratory function, particularly in patients with chronic respiratory disorders. They comprehensively evaluate lung volumes, ventilatory function, breathing mechanics, diffusion, and gas exchange. These tests help diagnose pulmonary diseases and play a significant role in monitoring disease progression, evaluating disability, and assessing response to therapy.
PFTs involve using a spirometer, a...

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Employing the Forced Oscillation Technique for the Assessment of Respiratory Mechanics in Adults
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Tissue-level RBE determination and normal lung responses along the proton SOBP.

Xiaoxin Zuo1,2, Xiangkai Guan3, Anhang Zhang1,2

  • 1Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, 250117, China.

Radiation Oncology (London, England)
|June 5, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Proton therapy

Keywords:
Linear energy transferProton radiotherapyRadiation-induced lung injuryRelative biological effectivenessSpread-out Bragg peak

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Last Updated: Jun 6, 2026

Employing the Forced Oscillation Technique for the Assessment of Respiratory Mechanics in Adults
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Evaluating Regional Pulmonary Deposition using Patient-Specific 3D Printed Lung Models

Published on: November 11, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Radiation oncology
  • Radiobiology
  • Medical physics

Background:

  • Proton therapy utilizes protons for cancer treatment, offering potential advantages over photons.
  • Relative biological effectiveness (RBE) of protons varies with Linear Energy Transfer (LET).
  • Understanding RBE variations across the spread-out Bragg peak (SOBP) is crucial for accurate dose delivery and minimizing side effects.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine proton RBE in rat lung across the SOBP using histological endpoints.
  • To evaluate histological alterations and inflammatory responses in relation to increasing LET.
  • To assess the impact of LET on cellular and tissue-level responses in the lung.

Main Methods:

  • Rat lungs were irradiated with protons along a 9 cm SOBP or with 6 MV photons.
  • Lung tissues were analyzed histologically 4 weeks post-irradiation.
  • RBE values were derived from lung injury scores, and cellular/inflammatory responses were assessed via immunohistochemistry and staining.

Main Results:

  • Proton RBE increased from the proximal to the distal regions of the SOBP as LET increased.
  • Proton irradiation induced heterogeneous lung injury along the SOBP, with more severe epithelial damage and inflammation in distal high-LET regions.
  • Changes in alveolar epithelial cells and inflammatory markers were more pronounced in high-LET regions compared to low-LET and photon irradiation.

Conclusions:

  • Proton RBE increases towards the distal end of the SOBP, indicating spatially variable biological effects.
  • Proton-induced lung injury is heterogeneous, with high-LET regions causing greater damage.
  • A constant RBE may underestimate proton therapy's biological impact, necessitating LET-informed treatment planning.