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Related Concept Videos

Hepatitis01:25

Hepatitis

Hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver most commonly caused by hepatotropic viruses (A–E), though non-infectious causes such as alcohol and drugs also exist.Hepatitis AHepatitis A virus (HAV) is a non-enveloped RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family. It is primarily transmitted via the fecal-oral route, typically through ingestion of contaminated food or water. After ingestion, HAV enters the bloodstream through the oropharynx or intestinal epithelium and reaches the liver. The...
Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction01:28

Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction

Viral hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver caused by infection with hepatotropic viruses, most commonly hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. Despite variations in structure and transmission, all viruses mentioned infect hepatocytes and provoke immune responses that can hinder liver function. Additionally, some non-hepatotropic viruses can also lead to hepatic inflammation.Hepatitis A VirusHepatitis A virus (HAV) is transmitted through the fecal–oral route, typically by ingestion of food...
Diseases of the Liver and Gallbladder01:26

Diseases of the Liver and Gallbladder

Liver and gallbladder diseases are a significant health concern, with prominent conditions including cirrhosis, hepatitis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and gallstones. Jaundice is a common manifestation of liver and biliary disease.
Cirrhosis is characterized by the scarring of hepatic lobules in the liver, which are replaced by fibrous tissue, affecting the liver's normal functioning. NAFLD, on the other hand, is caused by an excessive build-up of fat in the liver, not related to...
Yellow Fever01:18

Yellow Fever

Yellow fever is a viral hemorrhagic disease caused by the yellow fever virus (YFV), a member of the Flaviviridae family. It is transmitted primarily by Aedes and Haemagogus mosquitoes in tropical and subtropical regions of Africa and South America. After transmission through a mosquito bite, the virus initially replicates in skin-resident immune cells such as dendritic cells and macrophages. These cells then migrate to the lymph nodes, where viral replication increases, eventually leading to...
Hepatic Encephalopathy01:29

Hepatic Encephalopathy

DefinitionHepatic encephalopathy is a reversible neurologic syndrome that results from advanced liver dysfunction or portosystemic shunting. It leads to disturbances in cognition, behavior, and motor function due to the brain’s exposure to gut-derived toxins that the liver fails to detoxify.EtiologyThis condition develops either in the setting of acute fulminant hepatitis or progressively during chronic liver disease, such as cirrhosis and portal hypertension. Portosystemic shunting—including...
Viruses with RNA Genomes01:29

Viruses with RNA Genomes

RNA viruses are categorized into positive-strand, negative-strand, or double-stranded groups based on their genomic structure and replication mechanisms. This classification dictates how they exploit host cellular machinery for protein synthesis and replication. Some RNA viruses also utilize reverse transcription as part of their life cycle, further diversifying their replication strategies.Positive-Strand RNA VirusesPositive-strand RNA viruses have genomes that function directly as messenger...

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Updated: Jun 6, 2026

A Cell Culture Model for Producing High Titer Hepatitis E Virus Stocks
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A Cell Culture Model for Producing High Titer Hepatitis E Virus Stocks

Published on: June 26, 2020

Traveling with chronic viral hepatitis.

Didem Celik1,2, Cláudio Nunes Silva3,4, Lurdes Santos3,4

  • 1Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, University of Health Sciences, Tepecik Education and Research Hospital, Kazımdirik Province, Sanayi St. No:7 Bornova, Izmir, Türkiye. didemdestioglu@gmail.com.

Tropical Diseases, Travel Medicine and Vaccines
|June 5, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Patients with chronic viral hepatitis need careful travel preparation. Pre-travel checks, medication management, and destination assessment are crucial for safe travel and preventing severe outcomes.

Keywords:
Chronic liver diseaseGlobal healthHAVHBVHCVHDVHEVImmunizationInternational travelLiver cirrhosisSuperinfectionTravel medicineViral hepatitis

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"Liver-on-a-Chip" Cultures of Primary Hepatocytes and Kupffer Cells for Hepatitis B Virus Infection

Published on: February 19, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Hepatology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Travel Medicine

Background:

  • Viral hepatitis (A, B, C, D, E) causes significant global morbidity and mortality.
  • Travelers and individuals in resource-limited settings are particularly vulnerable.
  • Chronic liver disease patients face heightened risks from travel-related illnesses.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the importance of travel preparation for patients with chronic viral hepatitis.
  • To outline key considerations for managing health risks during travel.
  • To emphasize personalized travel planning for this patient group.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on viral hepatitis and travel medicine.
  • Analysis of risks associated with travel for individuals with chronic liver disease.
  • Synthesis of recommendations for pre-travel assessment and management.

Main Results:

  • Newly acquired hepatitis A and E can precipitate liver failure in chronic liver disease patients.
  • Travel gastroenteritis or febrile illnesses can have severe outcomes due to reduced hepatic reserve.
  • Proactive measures significantly mitigate travel-related health risks.

Conclusions:

  • Pre-travel immunization status checks are critical for chronic viral hepatitis patients.
  • Management of antiviral medications and destination health infrastructure evaluation are essential.
  • Personalized travel plans incorporating risk assessment and precautions ensure safer travel.