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Investigating Single Molecule Adhesion by Atomic Force Spectroscopy

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Interfacial Adhesion in Multilayered Biopolymer Films Measured by Colloidal-Probe Atomic Force Microscopy─Toward

Giuliana T Franco^1,2, Caio G Otoni^3,4, Luiz H C Mattoso^1,2,3

¹Nanotechnology National Laboratory for Agriculture (LNNA), Embrapa Instrumentation - Rua XV de Novembro, 1452, São Carlos, São Paulo 13561-206, Brazil.

Langmuir : the ACS Journal of Surfaces and Colloids

|June 5, 2026

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This study used atomic force microscopy to analyze adhesion in natural polymer films for sustainable packaging. Tannic acid improved film strength and moisture resistance by enhancing interfacial cross-linking.

Area of Science:

Materials Science
Polymer Science
Biotechnology

Background:

Natural polymers offer sustainable alternatives for food packaging but suffer from poor mechanical and barrier properties.
Multilayer structures can enhance performance, but interfacial compatibility is crucial for their effectiveness.

Purpose of the Study:

To quantify nanoscale adhesion forces and understand interfacial interactions in biopolymer-based multilayer films.
To investigate the role of tannic acid (TA) as a cross-linker in improving film properties.
To correlate nanoscale adhesion with macroscale performance metrics.

Main Methods:

Colloidal-probe atomic force microscopy (AFM) was employed to measure adhesion forces at the nanoscale.
Biopolymer films were constructed using carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), casein, and zein, with and without tannic acid (TA).

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AFM measurements were correlated with macroscale delamination, wettability, water vapor permeability, and water uptake.

Main Results:

Incorporating TA significantly increased adhesion forces at casein-CMC interfaces, indicating TA-mediated cross-linking.
TA-treated films showed improved moisture resistance, with an 80% reduction in equilibrium moisture content.
Protein-protein adhesion (casein-zein) was high and unaffected by TA, suggesting intralayer cross-linking.

Conclusions:

Colloidal-probe AFM is effective for elucidating interfacial interactions in biopolymer films.
Nanoscale adhesion plays a critical role in guiding materials selection and interface engineering for biopolymer-based packaging.
Tannic acid enhances interfacial cross-linking, improving the mechanical and moisture resistance properties of natural polymer films.