Single-molecule nanophotonic resolution of binding dynamics from apo to fully liganded for a cyclic nucleotide-gated...

Many biological macromolecules are activated upon ligand binding at multiple specific binding domains. However, how these domains interact and the transient intermediate conformations that connect binding events to protein activity are typically unknown. Ensemble-averaged measures over stochastic binding events are challenged to resolve the underlying asynchronous dynamics. Single-molecule resolution of these dynamics offers an attractive approach to investigate the ligand-activation process. Optical methods using fluorescently labeled ligands enable observation of individual binding events that report on the energetics of early ligand-bound conformational changes. However, diffraction-limited microscopy limits these methods to low ligand concentrations, often below what is required for physiologically relevant activation. Here, we overcome this limitation using nanophotonic zero-mode waveguides to observe the sequential binding of a fluorescent cyclic nucleotide to each of four subunits in TAX-4 cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channels in cell-derived vesicles. Our observations suggest that binding at one domain positively promotes binding at other domains, and that binding induces an isomerization of the binding domain in individual subunits which we attribute to a sequence of pre-activated intermediate states. This approach provides a broadly applicable tool to dissect the energetic landscape of ligand-binding at macromolecules in native cell membranes.