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Ankle Joint01:10

Ankle Joint

The ankle is formed by the talocrural joint (crural = leg). It consists of the articulations between the talus bone of the foot and the distal ends of the tibia and fibula of the leg. The superior aspect of the talus bone is square-shaped and has three areas of articulation. The top of the talus articulates with the inferior tibia. This is the portion of the ankle joint that carries the body weight between the leg and foot. The sides of the talus are firmly held in position by the articulations...
Peripheral Arterial Disease II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Evaluation01:21

Peripheral Arterial Disease II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Evaluation

Clinical manifestationsPeripheral Arterial Disease (PAD) manifests through a range of symptoms, from the characteristic intermittent claudication to atypical presentations and severe complications in advanced stages. Intermittent claudication, a hallmark symptom of PAD, presents as exercise-induced muscle pain that typically resolves within minutes of rest. This pain is reproducible and stems from inadequate blood flow, leading to the accumulation of lactic acid produced during anaerobic...

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Updated: Jun 6, 2026

Diagnosis of Musculus Gastrocnemius Tightness - Key Factors for the Clinical Examination
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Scoping Out Ankle Impingement.

Lambert T Li1,2, Ansh Shah1,2, Greta Wilker1,2,3

  • 1Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University Hospitals Drusinsky Sports Medicine Institute, Beachwood, Ohio, USA.

Video Journal of Sports Medicine
|June 5, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Ankle impingement in athletes can be treated with arthroscopic surgery. Ankle arthroscopy and hindfoot endoscopy offer effective solutions for anterior and posterior impingement, improving function and reducing pain with low complication rates.

Keywords:
ankle arthroscopyanterior ankle impingementhindfoot endoscopyos trigonumposterior ankle impingement

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopedic Surgery
  • Sports Medicine
  • Anatomy

Background:

  • Ankle impingement, affecting athletes in running, jumping, and cutting sports, presents as anterior (AAI) or posterior (PAI) types.
  • Symptoms include pain during specific ankle movements, joint tenderness, and limited range of motion, often refractory to conservative care.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To demonstrate the utility of ankle arthroscopy and hindfoot endoscopy for treating anterior and posterior ankle impingement in athletes.
  • To evaluate the effectiveness of these minimally invasive surgical techniques in improving patient outcomes.

Main Methods:

  • Ankle arthroscopy for AAI involves anteromedial and anterolateral portals to resect impinging soft tissue and bony spurs.
  • Hindfoot endoscopy for PAI, performed with the patient prone, utilizes posterolateral and posteromedial portals to release the crural fascia and resect impinging structures.
  • Both procedures use specialized instruments like radiofrequency wands and shavers for precise tissue removal.

Main Results:

  • AAI arthroscopy showed significant improvements in American Orthopaedic Foot & Ankle Society (AOFAS) scores, visual analog scale, and dorsiflexion.
  • PAI hindfoot endoscopy improved AOFAS scores and reduced return-to-play times compared to open procedures.
  • Overall complication rates were low (4% for AAI, 6% for PAI), with transient neurapraxia and sensory nerve symptoms being most common.

Conclusions:

  • Ankle arthroscopy and hindfoot endoscopy are effective surgical options for athletes with anterior and posterior ankle impingement unresponsive to conservative treatment.
  • These techniques provide pain relief, enhance range of motion, facilitate a faster return to sport, and are associated with low complication rates.