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Updated: Jun 6, 2026
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Published on: February 15, 2015
It is Time to Retire "Noncontingent Reinforcement"
Mary Max Llinás1, Thomas R Freeman2, Elbert Blakely1
1School of Behavior Analysis, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, FL USA.
Perspectives on Behavior Science
|June 5, 2026
Summary
The term noncontingent reinforcement (NCR) is conceptually flawed and used inconsistently. This article reviews its history, proposes a new umbrella term, and suggests resolving terminological issues in behavior analysis.
Area of Science:
- Behavioral Psychology
- Applied Behavior Analysis
Background:
- The term noncontingent reinforcement (NCR) is widely used in research and practice.
- Concerns exist regarding its conceptual flaws and inconsistent application in the literature.
Purpose of the Study:
- To provide a history of NCR.
- To describe procedures labeled as NCR.
- To explore terminological issues and arguments for retaining or removing NCR.
Main Methods:
- Literature review of NCR.
- Analysis of terminological issues.
- Proposal of a new umbrella term.
Main Results:
- NCR is an umbrella term for diverse procedures (response-independent, response-dependent, and others).
- This broad usage leads to confusion and imprecise communication.
- Arguments for and against retaining NCR are summarized.
Conclusions:
- The term NCR is problematic due to its broad and inconsistent application.
- Response-independent schedules are proposed as a more accurate umbrella term.
- Resolving this terminology issue is crucial for clear communication in behavior analysis.
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