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Related Concept Videos

Molecular and Ionic Solids02:54

Molecular and Ionic Solids

Crystalline solids are divided into four types: molecular, ionic, metallic, and covalent network based on the type of constituent units and their interparticle interactions.
Molecular Solids
Molecular crystalline solids, such as ice, sucrose (table sugar), and iodine, are solids that are composed of neutral molecules as their constituent units. These molecules are held together by weak intermolecular forces such as London dispersion forces, dipole-dipole interactions, or hydrogen bonds, which...
Ionic Strength: Overview01:12

Ionic Strength: Overview

The ionic strength of a solution is a quantitative way of expressing the total electrolyte concentration of a solution. This concept was first introduced in 1921 by two American physical chemists, Gilbert N. Lewis and Merle Randall, while describing the activity coefficient of strong electrolytes. During the calculation of ionic strength (I or μ), all the cations and anions are considered. However, the concentration (c) of an ion with a greater charge number (z) has a greater contribution to...
Ionic Association01:28

Ionic Association

The ionic association is the association of oppositely charged ions in an electrolyte solution to form ion pairs. Bjerrum defined ion pairs as two oppositely charged ions whose electrostatic attraction exceeds the thermal energy of the system, typically expressed as 2kT. Electrostatic attraction depends on ionic charge, separation distance, and the dielectric constant of the medium. Thermal energy, represented by kT, reflects the tendency of ions to move independently due to molecular motion.
Theory of Strong Electrolytes01:23

Theory of Strong Electrolytes

The interionic forces of the strong electrolytes depend on the solvent's dielectric constant, which is the ability of a solvent to store electrical energy, based on its polarizability. and the solution's concentration. In high-dielectric solvents and in dilute solutions, weak electrostatic forces keep ions apart. However, in low-dielectric solvents or concentrated solutions, stronger interionic forces may cause ions to pair up as ionic doublets despite being fully ionized. The theory of strong...
The Electrical Double Layer01:30

The Electrical Double Layer

In the region where two bulk phases meet, an intricate electric charge distribution arises due to charge transfer, ion adsorption, molecular orientation, and charge distortion. This complex distribution is commonly referred to as the electrical double layer.When a solid electrode interfaces with ions in an electrolyte solution, the speed of electron transfer dictates the rates of oxidation and reduction. The electrode acquires a charge through the escape of atoms into the solution as cations or...
Ionic Bonds00:42

Ionic Bonds

When atoms gain or lose electrons to achieve a more stable electron configuration they form ions. Ionic bonds are electrostatic attractions between ions with opposite charges. Ionic compounds are rigid and brittle when solid and may dissociate into their constituent ions in water. Covalent compounds, by contrast, remain intact unless a chemical reaction breaks them.Opposing Charges Hold Ions Together in Ionic CompoundsIonic bonds are reversible electrostatic interactions between ions with...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 6, 2026

Characterization of Electrode Materials for Lithium Ion and Sodium Ion Batteries Using Synchrotron Radiation Techniques
10:03

Characterization of Electrode Materials for Lithium Ion and Sodium Ion Batteries Using Synchrotron Radiation Techniques

Published on: November 11, 2013

Embedded 3D Superionic Network Enables Pressure-Free Solid-State Sodium Batteries with Ultrafast Na+ Diffusivity over

Chen Li1, Yongbiao Mu2, Tongtong Deng1

  • 1College of Aerospace Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China.

ACS Nano
|June 5, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Researchers developed a 3D superionic sodium phosphate network for solid-state sodium-metal batteries. This innovation enhances ion transport and stability, enabling high performance even at extreme temperatures without pressure.

Keywords:
composite sodiumextreme-temperature batteriesfast ionic diffusivitysolid-state sodium batteriessuperionic network

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Solid-state Graft Copolymer Electrolytes for Lithium Battery Applications

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Characterization of Electrode Materials for Lithium Ion and Sodium Ion Batteries Using Synchrotron Radiation Techniques
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Synthesis of Ionic Liquid Based Electrolytes, Assembly of Li-ion Batteries, and Measurements of Performance at High Temperature
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Synthesis of Ionic Liquid Based Electrolytes, Assembly of Li-ion Batteries, and Measurements of Performance at High Temperature

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Solid-state Graft Copolymer Electrolytes for Lithium Battery Applications
05:33

Solid-state Graft Copolymer Electrolytes for Lithium Battery Applications

Published on: August 12, 2013

Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Energy Storage

Background:

  • Rechargeable solid-state sodium-metal batteries (SSSMBs) face performance issues at low temperatures due to poor sodium ion (Na+) transport and interfacial instability.
  • Sluggish Na+ diffusion in anodes leads to uneven plating, dendrite formation, and rapid capacity loss, hindering SSSMB applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To address the limitations of SSSMBs at low temperatures by improving anode design.
  • To enhance Na+ diffusivity and interfacial stability in sodium anodes for next-generation energy storage.

Main Methods:

  • Engineered a composite anode by creating an in situ 3D continuous superionic sodium phosphate (Na3P) network within the sodium anode.
  • Investigated the impact of the 3D superionic network on Na+ stripping/plating behavior and interfacial stability.
  • Evaluated the electrochemical performance of symmetric and full solid-state cells using the composite anode across a wide temperature range.

Main Results:

  • The 3D superionic Na3P network significantly enhanced Na+ diffusivity to 8 × 10^-7 cm^2 s^-1.
  • Achieved high areal capacity (14 mAh cm^-2) in symmetric cells without external pressure.
  • Demonstrated excellent cyclic stability (>540 cycles) in full cells at a mass loading of 10 mg cm^-2 and across temperatures from -25 to 60 °C.

Conclusions:

  • Integrating a 3D superionic network is a viable strategy for developing high-performance, pressure-free SSSMBs that operate reliably in extreme temperatures.
  • High atomic diffusivity within the anode is crucial for achieving durable and efficient solid-state sodium-metal batteries without the need for stacking pressure.