Stem cell-based approaches for alopecia: A narrative review of current and emerging treatment strategies

The natural cycle of hair growth and shedding is continuous. However, an abnormal rate of hair regrowth can signal alopecia, a condition characterized by excessive hair loss and thinning. Alopecia is a common dermatological concern globally, affecting individuals across all ages and sexes, often resulting in psychological distress and diminished quality of life. Despite the availability of various current therapy options such as minoxidil, finasteride, JAK inhibitors, low-level laser, and hair transplantation, these approaches are often limited by variable efficacy or side effects. Consequently, there is growing research interest in regenerative therapies using stem cells as a promising avenue to overcome these shortcomings. Stem cells, characterized by their ability to self-renew and differentiate into multiple cell types, offer the potential to promote hair follicle regeneration. Among the different stem cell types under investigation, hair follicle stem cells (HFSCs), mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have attracted attention due to their regenerative capabilities and immunomodulatory properties. This narrative review explores the underlying causes of alopecia, current and emerging therapies, particularly emphasizing the therapeutic potential of stem cells and their specialized roles in promoting a supportive environment for the hair follicle and scalp. It also examines ongoing clinical and preclinical studies involving stem cell-based therapies for hair loss, aiming to assess their feasibility as future clinical solutions for alopecia.