Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jun 6, 2026
07:29
Online Explorative Study on the Learning Uses of Virtual Reality Among Early Adopters
Published on: November 22, 2019
Early Online
Summary
South Africa
Area of Science:
- Healthcare Ethics
- Artificial Intelligence in Medicine
- Regulatory Science
Background:
- Artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming healthcare delivery.
- The Health Professions Council of South Africa released Booklet 20, an ethical framework for AI in healthcare.
- This review critically examines Booklet 20 from the perspective of the South African Medical Association AI Task Team.
Purpose of the Study:
- To evaluate Booklet 20's alignment with South African legislation and policy.
- To identify operational gaps in the ethical framework for AI in healthcare.
- To propose recommendations for strengthening AI governance in clinical practice.
Main Methods:
- Critical review of Booklet 20.
- Analysis against national legislation (POPIA, SAHPRA guidance, National AI Policy, NHREC guidelines).
- Examination of ethico-social context, including ubuntu ethics.
Main Results:
- Identified operational gaps in human oversight, disclosure, data sovereignty, equity, accountability, and risk categorization.
- Booklet 20 provides a foundation but lacks concrete implementation tools.
- Need for risk-tiered safeguards, structured consent, governance coordination, and standards for transparency, explainability, and bias mitigation.
Conclusions:
- Booklet 20 requires practical implementation tools for effective ethical AI integration.
- South Africa's ubuntu ethic emphasizes relational accountability, fairness, and community participation.
- Recommendations focus on strengthening ethical governance for safe, equitable AI adoption, patient trust, and professional integrity.
Related Concept Videos
02:06Conditions on Early Earth
Around 4 billion years ago, oceans began to condense on earth while volcanic eruptions released nitrogen, carbon dioxide, methane, ammonia, and hydrogen into the primordial atmosphere. However, organisms with the characteristics of life were not initially present on earth. Scientists have used experimentation to determine how organisms evolved that could grow, reproduce, and maintain an internal environment.
02:06Conditions on Early Earth
Around 4 billion years ago, oceans began to condense on earth while volcanic eruptions released nitrogen, carbon dioxide, methane, ammonia, and hydrogen into the primordial atmosphere. However, organisms with the characteristics of life were not initially present on earth. Scientists have used experimentation to determine how organisms evolved that could grow, reproduce, and maintain an internal environment.
01:27Emerging Adulthood
Jeffrey Arnett's concept of emerging adulthood offers a framework to understand the unique developmental stage between adolescence and full-fledged adulthood, generally from ages 18 to 25. This period is marked by extensive exploration and shifts in identity, relationships, and career choices, a process known in psychology as role experimentation. Emerging adulthood reflects the evolving cultural expectations surrounding adulthood and the dynamic process of personal transformation during this...
02:35What is Evolutionary History?
Scientists record evolutionary history by analyzing fossil, morphological, and genetic data. The fossil record documents the history of life on Earth and provides evidence for evolution. However, both fossil and living organisms offer evidence that outlines Earth’s evolutionary history.Phylogenetic trees illustrate the evolutionary relationships among these organisms. Scientists infer organisms’ common ancestry by evaluating shared morphological and genetic characteristics. Together, the fossil...
01:24Eukaryotic Evolution
The endosymbiont theory is the most widely accepted theory of eukaryotic evolution; however, its progression is still somewhat debated. According to the nucleus-first hypothesis, the ancestral prokaryote first evolved a membrane to enclose DNA and form the nucleus. Conversely, the mitochondria-first hypothesis suggests that the nucleus was formed after endosymbiosis of mitochondria.
Contrary to the endosymbiont theory, the eukaryote-first hypothesis proposes that the simpler prokaryotic and...
Contrary to the endosymbiont theory, the eukaryote-first hypothesis proposes that the simpler prokaryotic and...
01:12First Pass Effect
Presystemic elimination, or the first-pass effect, is the metabolism of drugs that reduces their effective concentration at the site of action. Apart from the first-pass effect, the systemic bioavailability of the drug is also reduced by other factors, including incomplete absorption or chemical degradation of drugs.
Depending on the route of administration, drugs can be metabolized in the liver, intestine, lungs, and vasculature. Orally administered drugs are first absorbed through the...
Depending on the route of administration, drugs can be metabolized in the liver, intestine, lungs, and vasculature. Orally administered drugs are first absorbed through the...