Advantages and limitations of in vitro models for atopic dermatitis: A consensus expert opinion

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common chronic inflammatory skin disease characterized by an aberrant T helper 2 immune response and impaired epidermal barrier function, regardless of phenotypes and endotypes. Historically, AD has been extensively studied in mouse models, which have intrinsic limitations, notably in the translatability of results to patients. Moreover, ethical concerns have driven the field toward the development of organotypic AD skin models. The recent steep increase in their use warrants an expert opinion on the advantages and limitations of such models and opportunities for their improvement, which are presented in this paper.