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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 7, 2026

Tree Core Analysis with X-ray Computed Tomography
06:56

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Published on: September 22, 2023

Contemporary high resolution European forest structure assessed using tree-level National Forest Inventory data.

Gert-Jan Nabuurs1,2, Yasmin I Maximo3, Ajdin Starcevic1

  • 1Wageningen Environmental Research, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands.

Plos One
|June 5, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

European forests predominantly feature regular structures, with single-species dominance and narrow diameter distributions characterizing most areas. This consistent assessment approach provides valuable insights for forest management and policy, including the EU Nature Restoration Law.

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Area of Science:

  • Forestry Science
  • Ecology
  • Environmental Science

Background:

  • Assessing forest structure across diverse European National Forest Inventories (NFIs) presents harmonization challenges due to varying plot designs and measurement protocols.
  • Understanding forest structure, including tree species and diameter at breast height (DBH) distributions, is crucial for effective forest management and ecological studies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and apply an objective, consistent methodology for assessing European forest structure using harmonized NFI data.
  • To classify forest plots into six structural types based on species composition and DBH distribution.
  • To provide a spatially explicit overview of forest structure across multiple European countries.

Main Methods:

  • Harmonized tree-level data (basal area, species, diameter) from 18 European countries were compiled, using a common DBH threshold and scaling plot radii to one hectare.
  • Six forest structural classes were defined, ranging from single-species, narrow DBH distributions (regular) to multi-species, wide DBH distributions (irregular).
  • Data from 255,418 inventory plots were analyzed to determine the prevalence of each structural class across Europe at a 0.2-degree resolution.

Main Results:

  • Approximately 56% of the analyzed forest area was dominated by a single species with a narrow DBH distribution (single-species regular).
  • The single-species regular class was the most prevalent structural type, ranging from 35.8% (Switzerland) to 79.7% (Spain).
  • Overall, 94% of European forests exhibited a regular structure (either single-species or multi-species regular), indicating a widespread pattern of organized forest development.

Conclusions:

  • The study successfully established a consistent approach for European forest structure assessment, revealing a predominantly regular structure across the continent.
  • The findings provide a valuable baseline for monitoring temporal and spatial changes in forest structure, informing forest management strategies and policy, such as the EU Nature Restoration Law.
  • Despite harmonization challenges inherent in NFI data, the results offer significant advantages over aggregated statistics, providing detailed, spatially explicit insights into forest structure.