Application of graphyne nanozymes in biosensing and biomedicine

Nanozymes have emerged as powerful alternatives to natural enzymes due to high stability, low cost, and tunable activity. Among numerous nanozyme materials, graphyne, an emerging two-dimensional carbon allotropic form, demonstrates immense application potential in the field of nanozymes. This is attributed to its unique sp-sp² hybridized carbon structure, abundant large π-conjugated systems, uniform pore architecture, and outstanding chemical stability. The tunable electronic structure and surface chemical properties of graphyne enable it to mimic the activities of various natural enzymes, providing a novel technical platform for biosensing and biomedicine. In biosensing, graphyne nanozymes are widely utilized for constructing highly sensitive and selective biosensors due to their exceptional catalytic efficiency and stability. The enzyme-like activity of graphyne nanozymes catalyzes substrates to produce colorimetric, fluorescent, or chemiluminescent signals, enabling sensitive detection of target molecules. Consequently, they find extensive applications in biomolecular detection, disease diagnosis, and environmental pollutant monitoring. In biomedicine, the multi-enzymatic activity of graphyne nanozymes has opened new avenues for their application in disease treatment, particularly in tumor therapy. Simultaneously, the Fenton-like reaction modulates reactive oxygen species, regulating oxidative stress balance. This multi-enzyme synergistic effect efficiently induces tumor cell apoptosis. Moreover, the unique pore structure serves as an ideal carrier for drug molecules, enabling targeted delivery and controlled release of chemotherapeutic agents. Combined with its inherent photothermal conversion capability, this approach achieves synergistically enhanced tumor therapy. Graphyne-based nanozymes, as a new generation of high-performance nanozymes, will play a pivotal role in future precision medicine, smart sensing, and biotechnology innovation.